World Library  
My Account |  Register |  Help  
  
Flag as Inappropriate
Email this Article

Sony E-mount

Article Id: WHEBN0027403542
Reproduction Date:

Title: Sony E-mount  
Author: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Language: English
Subject: Sony NEX-6, Sony A6000, APS-C, M42 lens mount, Digital camera
Collection:
Publisher: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Publication
Date:
 

Sony E-mount

Sony NEX-C3
Sony NEX-5 E-mount

The E-mount is a lens mount designed by Sony for their NEX ("New E-mount eXperience") series of camcorders and mirrorless cameras.[1]
Initially this mount is implemented in Sony Alpha NEX-3 and NEX-5 with APS-C sensor size.[2] E-mount integration into Sony camcorder products is provided with the Sony Handycam NEX-VG10.[3] On 24 August 2011 new products were announced, specifically the NEX-5N as a successor for the NEX-5, the NEX-7 as a prosumer product,[4] as well as the NEX-VG20 as the successor to the NEX-VG10. The Sony E-mount is also implemented on 35 milimeter video camera of Sony FS-100.[5] The successor to the NEX-3 named NEX-C3 was released a few weeks earlier. The NEX-C3 was replaced by the NEX-F3 in June 2012, which was succeeded by the NEX-3N in March 2013. The first third-party camera to use the E-mount is the Hasselblad Lunar, announced at Photokina on 18 September 2012 and expected to be released in early 2013.[6]
In September 2013, Sony announced the first model from new ILCE series, the ILCE-3000. In October 2013, the first models with full-frame sensor size were released as ILCE-7 and ILCE-7R.

Available bodies

Name Model Code System Format Sensor Hotshoe Latest Firmware User level Announce date Release date Availability
Interchangeable lens compact digital camera
NEX-3 NEX-3 (with Eye-Fi), NEX-3C (without Eye-Fi) CX75210 Alpha (α) APS-C, 23.4×15.6mm (1.5×) CMOS, Exmor, 14.2 MP Smart Accessory Terminal 1 5 Entry level 2010-02-21, 2010-05-11 June 2010 Discontinued
NEX-5 NEX-5 (with Eye-Fi), NEX-5C (without Eye-Fi) CX75110, CX75121, CX75141 Alpha (α) APS-C, 23.4×15.6mm (1.5×) CMOS, Exmor, 14.2 MP Smart Accessory Terminal 1 5 Midrange 2010-02-21, 2010-05-11 June 2010 Discontinued
NEX-C3 NEX-C3 CX75400, CX75420 Alpha (α) APS-C (1.5×) CMOS, Exmor HD, 16.2 MP Smart Accessory Terminal 1 2 Entry level 2011-06-08 August 2011 Discontinued
NEX-5N NEX-5N CX75500, CX75520 Alpha (α) APS-C (1.5×) CMOS, Exmor HD, 16.1 MP Smart Accessory Terminal 2 1.02 Midrange 2011-08-24 September 2011 Discontinued
NEX-7 NEX-7 CX75600, CX75620 Alpha (α) APS-C, 23.5×15.6mm (1.5×) CMOS, Exmor HD, 24.3 MP Auto-lock Accessory Shoe (4-pin iISO) 1.03 Advanced Amateur 2011-08-24 December 2011 Discontinued
NEX-F3 NEX-F3 CX75700 Alpha (α) APS-C, 23.5×15.6mm (1.5×) CMOS, Exmor HD, 16.1 MP Smart Accessory Terminal 2 1.01 Entry level 2012-05-17 June 2012 Discontinued
NEX-5R NEX-5R CX75820 Alpha (α) APS-C (1.5×) CMOS, Exmor HD, 16.1 MP Smart Accessory Terminal 2 1.03 Midrange 2012-08-29 October 2012 Discontinued
NEX-6 NEX-6 CX76060 Alpha (α) APS-C, 23.5×15.6mm (1.5×) CMOS, Exmor HD, 16.1 MP Multi Interface Shoe 1.03 Advanced Amateur 2012-09-12 November 2012 Discontinued
NEX-3N NEX-3N CX76200 Alpha (α) APS-C, ca. 23.5×15.6mm (1.5×) CMOS, Exmor HD, ca. 16 MP N/A 1.00 Entry level 2013-02-20 March 2013 Discontinued
NEX-5T NEX-5T CX76500 Alpha (α) APS-C (1.5×) CMOS, Exmor HD, 16.1 MP Smart Accessory Terminal 2 1.01 Midrange 2013-08-24 Current
ILCE-3000 ILCE-3000 (α3000) [7] CX77100, CX77121 Alpha (α) APS-C, ca. 23.5×15.6mm (1.5×) CMOS, Exmor HD, 20.1 MP Multi Interface Shoe 1.00/1.01 Entry level 2013-08-27 Current
ILCE-7 ILCE-7 (α7) CX77800 Alpha (α) Full Frame, 35.8×23.9mm, (1.0×) CMOS, Exmor HD, 24.3 MP Multi Interface Shoe 1.10 Semi-Professional 2013-10-16 November 2013 Current
ILCE-7R ILCE-7R (α7R) CX77900 Alpha (α) Full Frame, 35.9×24.0mm, (1.0×) CMOS, Exmor HD, 36.4 MP Multi Interface Shoe 1.10 Semi-Professional 2013-10-16 November 2013 Current
ILCE-5000 ILCE-5000 (α5000) CX77300, CX77361 Alpha (α) APS-C, ca. 23.2×15.4mm (1.5×) CMOS, Exmor HD, 20.1 MP N/A 1.10 Entry level 2014-01-14 Current
ILCE-6000 ILCE-6000 (α6000) CX77500 Alpha (α) APS-C, ca. 23.5×15.6mm (1.5×) CMOS, Exmor HD, 24.3 MP Multi Interface Shoe 1.10 Advanced Amateur 2014-02-12 April 2014 Current
ILCE-3500 ILCE-3500 (α3500) CX77100 Alpha (α) APS-C, ca. 23.2×15.4mm (1.5×) CMOS, Exmor HD, 20.1 MP Multi Interface Shoe 1.01 Entry level March 2014 Current
(except Europe and North America)
ILCE-7S ILCE-7S (α7S) [8] CX78500 Alpha (α) Full Frame, 35.6×23.8mm, (1.0×) CMOS, Exmor HD, 12.2 MP Multi Interface Shoe 1.10 Semi-Professional 2014-04-06 Summer 2014 Current
ILCE-5100 ILCE-5100 (α5100) [9] CX78300? Alpha (α) APS-C, approx. 23.2×15.4mm (1.5×) CMOS, 24 MP N/A 1.10 Entry level 2014-08-18 Announced
ILCE-QX1 ILCE-QX1 Alpha (α) SmartShot APS-C, approx. 23.2×15.4mm (1.5×) CMOS, 20.1 MP None ? Mobile phone mounted 2014-09-03 Available
ILCE-7M2 ILCE-7M2 (α7 II) Alpha (α) Full Frame, 35.8×23.9mm, (1.0×) CMOS, Exmor HD, 24.3 MP Multi Interface Shoe ? Semi-Professional 2014-11-20 January 2015 Announced
Camcorder
NEX-VG10 NEX-VG10E, NEX-VG10A, NEX-VG10J CX36000, CX36001 Handycam APS-C, 23.4×15.6mm (1.5×) CMOS, Exmor HD, 14.2 MP Auto-lock Accessory Shoe (4-pin iISO) 3 Advanced Amateur 2010-05-11, 2010-07-14 September 2010 Discontinued
NEX-VG20 NEX-VG20E, NEX-VG20A, NEX-VG20J CX36100 Handycam APS-C, 23.4×15.6mm (1.5×) CMOS, Exmor HD, 16.1 MP Auto-lock Accessory Shoe (4-pin iISO) 1 Advanced Amateur 2011-08-24 November 2011 Current
NEX-VG30 NEX-VG30E CX43500? Handycam APS-C, 23.4×15.6mm (1.5×) CMOS, Exmor HD, 16.1 MP Multi Interface Shoe + ISO-518 (0-pin) 1 Advanced Amateur 2012-09-12 November 2012 Announced
NEX-VG900 NEX-VG900E CX45600 Handycam Full Frame, 35.8×23.9mm, (1.0×) CMOS, Exmor HD, 24.3 MP Multi Interface Shoe 1 Semi-Professional 2012-09-12 November 2012 Announced
NEX-FS100 NEX-FS100E, NEX-FS100U, NEX-FS100J CX94500, CX94600 NXCAM Super-35mm, 23.6×13.3mm (1.6×) CMOS, Exmor HD, 3.5 MP 2 Semi-Professional 2010-11-17, 2011-03-23 July 2011 Current
NEX-FS700 NEX-FS700E, NEX-FS700U, NEX-FS700J, NEX-FS700R CX96000, CX96100 NXCAM Super-35mm, 23.6×13.3mm, (1.6×) CMOS, Exmor 4K, 11.6 MP 2 (non-R w/o 4K), 3 (NEX-FS700R w/ 4K) Professional 2012-04-02 June 2012 Current
NEX-EA50 NEX-EA50E, NEX-EA50U CX95100, CX95300 NXCAM APS-C, 23.5×15.6 mm (1.5×) CMOS, Exmor HD, 16.1 MP ISO-518 (2-pin) 2 Semi-Professional 2012-08-17 November 2012 Current
PXW-FS7 XDCAM Super-35mm, 23.6×13.3mm, (1.6×) CMOS, Exmor 4K, 11.6 MP ISO-518 cold shoe Professional 2014-09-12 Announced

Available lenses


List of Sony E-mount lenses:

Model Lens VX code Lens ID[10] Type Format Filter Weight Release date Comments

SEL-16F28 E 2.8/16mm VX9100 32784 Prime APS-C 49mm 67g 2010 silver, accepts VCL-ECU1 and VCL-ECF1 front converters
SEL-20F28 E 2.8/20mm VX9114 32798 Prime APS-C 49mm 69g 2013-04 black, also accepts VCL-ECU1 and VCL-ECF1 front converters
SEL-24F18Z Sonnar T* E 1.8/24mm ZA VX9105 32789 Prime APS-C 49mm 225g 2011-12 Zeiss design, black
SEL-28F20 FE 2/28mm ? ? Prime 35mm 49mm ? 2015-03 (2014-09) black, also accepts VCL-ECU? and VCL-ECF? front converters
SEL-30M35 E 3.5/30mm Macro VX9104 32788 Prime APS-C 49mm (hood) 138g 2011-06 macro lens, 1:1 magnification, silver
SEL-35F14Z Distagon T* FE 1.4/35mm ZA ? ? Prime 35mm 72mm ? 2014-09 Zeiss lens, black
SEL-35F18 E 1.8/35mm OSS VX9115 32799 Prime APS-C 49mm 155g 2012-12 black
SEL-35F28Z Sonnar T* FE 2.8/35mm ZA VX9110 32794 Prime 35mm 49mm 120g 2013-08 Zeiss lens, black[11]
SEL-50F18 E 1.8/50mm OSS VX9106 32790 Prime APS-C 49mm 202g 2011-12 portrait lens, silver, also available in black[12]
SEL-55F18Z Sonnar T* FE 1.8/55mm ZA VX9124 32808 Prime 35mm 49mm 281g 2013-10 Zeiss lens, black[11]
SEL-90M28G FE 2.8/90mm Macro G OSS ? ? Prime 35mm ? ? 2015-03 (2014-09) macro lens, black
SEL-1018 E 4/10-18mm OSS VX9108 32792 Zoom APS-C 62mm 225g 2012-11 black
SEL-1635Z Vario-Tessar T* FE 4/16-35mm ZA OSS VX9127 32811 Zoom 35mm 72mm 518g 2014-05
SEL-P1650 E PZ 3.5-5.6/16-50mm OSS VX9109 32793 Zoom APS-C 40.5mm 116g 2013-01 Power Zoom, black, also available in silver
SEL-1670Z Vario-Tessar T* E 4/16-70mm ZA OSS VX9107 32791 Zoom APS-C 55mm 308g 2013-08 Zeiss lens, black[12]
SEL-1850 E 4-5.6/18-50mm VX9119 32803 Zoom APS-C 55mm 116g 2014 black
SEL-1855 E 3.5-5.6/18-55mm OSS VX9101 32785 Zoom APS-C 49mm 194g 2010 silver, black versions come with the NEX-7 kit
SEL-P18105G E PZ 4/18-105mm G OSS VX9116 32800 Zoom APS-C 72mm 427g 2013-08 Power Zoom, black[12]
SEL-18200 E 3.5-6.3/18-200mm OSS VX9103 32787 Zoom APS-C 67mm 524g 2010 silver, optically and mechanically different from SEL-18200LE
SEL-18200LE E 3.5-6.3/18-200mm OSS LE VX9113 32797 Zoom APS-C 62mm 460g 2012 black, optically and mechanically different from SEL-18200, almost identical to Tamron 18-200
SEL-P18200 E PZ 3.5-6.3/18-200mm OSS VX9123 32807 Zoom APS-C 67mm 649g 2012 Power Zoom, black, available for purchase as a stand-alone lens in 2013-03
SEL-2470Z Vario-Tessar T* FE 4/24-70mm ZA OSS VX9111 32795 Zoom 35mm 67mm 426g 2014-01 (2013-10) Zeiss lens, black[11]
SEL-24240 FE 3.5-6.3/24-240mm OSS ? ? Zoom 35mm 72mm ? 2015-02 (2014-09) black
SEL-2870 FE 3.5-5.6/28-70mm OSS VX9129 32813 Zoom 35mm 55mm 295g 2013-10 black[11]
SEL-P28135G FE PZ 4/28-135mm G OSS VX9133? 32817 Zoom 35mm 95mm 1125g 2014-09 (2014-04) black, with geared focus, zoom and manual aperture ring for cine use[13]
SEL-55210 E 4.5-6.3/55-210mm OSS VX9102 32786 Zoom APS-C 49mm 345g 2011-10 silver, also available in black
SEL-70200G FE 4/70-200mm G OSS VX9126 32810 Zoom 35mm 72mm 840g 2014 (2013-10) white[11]
VCL-ECF1 Fisheye Converter 0.62x VX9191 N/A Front converter APS-C ? 150g 2010 for SEL-16F28 and SEL-20F28, not an E-mount lens
VCL-ECF? Fisheye Converter 0.57x ? N/A Front converter 35mm ? ? 2015-03 (2014-09) for SEL-28F20, not an E-mount lens
VCL-ECU1 Ultra Wide Converter 0.75x VX9192 N/A Front converter APS-C ? 125g 2010 for SEL-16F28 and SEL-20F28, not an E-mount lens
VCL-ECU? Ultra Wide Converter 0.75x ? N/A Front converter 35mm ? ? 2015-03 (2014-09) for SEL-28F20, not an E-mount lens
LA-EA1 Lens Adapter E-A 1 VX9176 1? Mount adapter APS-C 2010 for A-mount lenses on E-mount camera, glass-less, CD-AF / OS-PD-AF with SSM/SAM lenses only
LA-EA2 Lens Adapter E-A 2 2? Mount adapter APS-C 2011 for A-mount lenses on E-mount camera, SLT-PD-AF with all AF lenses
LA-EA3 Lens Adapter E-A 3 3 Mount adapter 35mm 110g 2013 for A-mount lenses on full-frame E-mount camera, glass-less, CD-AF / OS-PD-AF with SSM/SAM lenses only[11]
LA-EA4 Lens Adapter E-A 4 6? Mount adapter 35mm 160g 2013 for A-mount lenses on full-frame E-mount camera, SLT-PD-AF with all AF lenses[11]
E "Standard E-mount" series for the APS-C and Super-35mm image format.
FE "Full-frame E-mount" series for 35mm full-frame image format.
G "Gold" series, Sony's line-up of high-grade lenses.
LE "Light edition", lenses designed to be particularly light.
OSS "Optical SteadyShot", lenses with optical image stabilization.
PZ "Power Zoom", lenses with motor zoom facility.
ZA "Zeiss Alpha", lenses for Sony Alpha cameras. ZA lenses are designed and manufactured by Sony in Japan, once the designs get approval by Carl Zeiss AG to meet their quality standards.


Third-party lens manufacturers

On 8 February 2011 Sony announced the release of the specifications for the E-mount lens system allowing for third-party lens makers to create lenses for the NEX cameras without having to pay royalties. The mount specifications have been released to registered parties since April 2011.[14] In spite of this, the E-mount is not an open standard, since only companies endorsed by Sony are given specifications and only after licensing and signing non-disclosure agreement.[15]

List of manufacturers of third-party lenses

APS-C format E-mount lenses with autofocus and electronic control

  • Tamron 3.5-6.3/18-200mm Di III VC (B011) (announced 2011-12)
  • Sigma 2.8/19mm EX DN
  • Sigma 2.8/30mm EX DN
  • Sigma 2.8/19mm DN (announced 2013-01, new edition, available in black and silver, filter 46mm)
  • Sigma 2.8/30mm DN (announced 2013-01, new edition, available in black and silver, filter 46mm)
  • Sigma 2.8/60mm DN (announced 2013-01, available in black and silver, filter 46mm)
  • Zeiss Touit Distagon T* 2.8/12mm (announced 2012-09 for mid-2013)
  • Zeiss Touit Planar T* 1.8/32mm (announced 2012-09 for mid-2013)
  • Zeiss Touit Makro Planar T* 2.8/50mm (announced 2012-09 for spring 2014-02)

Full-frame E-mount lenses (manual focus, electronic control)

  • Zeiss Loxia Biogon T* 2/35mm (announced 2014-09)
  • Zeiss Loxia Planar T* 2/50mm (announced 2014-09)

Full-frame E-mount lenses (fully manual, no electronics)

  • Carl Zeiss Distagon T* Compact Prime CP.2 15mm/T2.9
  • Carl Zeiss Distagon T* Compact Prime CP.2 Super Speed 35mm/T1.5
  • Carl Zeiss Planar T* Compact Prime CP.2 Super Speed 50mm/T1.5
  • Carl Zeiss Planar T* Compact Prime CP.2 Super Speed 85mm/T1.5
  • Carl Zeiss Sonnar T* Compact Prime CP.2 135mm/T2.1
  • Carl Zeiss T* Compact Zoom CZ.2 70-200mm/T2.9
  • Mitakon 50mm f/0.95
  • Rokinon 14mm T3.1 Cine Lens
  • Rokinon 24mm T1.5 Cine Lens
  • Rokinon 35mm T1.5 Cine Lens
  • Rokinon 85mm T1.5 Cine Lens
  • Rokinon 12mm f/2.8 UMC Fisheye
  • Rokinon 24mm f/1.4 UMC
  • Rokinon 35mm f/1.4 UMC
  • Rokinon 50mm f/1.4 UMC
  • Voigtlander VM 40mm f/2.8 Heliar Lens - (M mount, needs an adapter but was made for the Sony Alpha FE cameras)
  • Zunow Super Wide Angle SWV-E11-16

[16]

APS-C E-mount lenses (fully manual, no electronics)

  • Samyang / Rokinon 2.8/8mm UMC Fisheye
  • Samyang / Rokinon 3.5/8mm Fisheye CS VG10
  • Yasuhara Nanoha 4x-5x macro lens with built-in LED light ("NANOHAx5(E)")
  • SLR Magic HyperPrime 50mm F0.95
  • SLR Magic CINE 35mm f/1.4 (Announced for Dec 2012)
  • SLR Magic HyperPrime 23mm F1.7 (Announced for Feb 2013)
  • SLR Magic HyperPrime CINE 35mm T0.95 (Announced for ???)
  • Digital King 12mm f/7.4 Fisheye

Available adapters

Due to the short flange focal distance of the Sony E-mount, many lenses can be adapted to be used on the Sony E-mount, although a crop factor will have to be taken into account for all cameras with APS-C or Super-35mm sensor format.
Minolta, Konica Minolta and Sony A-mount lenses can be used via the Sony LA-EA1,[17] LA-EA2, LA-EA3, or LA-EA4 mount adapters which provide electronic contacts and electro-mechanical diaphragm control. They allow the body to control the aperture of the lens and provide automatic exposure and Exif data support. The LA-EA1 and LA-EA3 support slow (2–7 seconds) contrast autofocus with SSM and SAM lenses, other lenses can be used with manual focus only.[18] Older samples of the LA-EA1, NEX-3 and NEX-5 require a firmware update for this to work. The LA-EA2 and LA-EA4 adapters support fast phase-detection autofocus with all A-mount lenses (except for the few dedicated manual focus A-mount lenses), including screw-driven AF lenses. However, their translucent-mirror design requires an optical element in the light path and thus causes a light fall-off of about 30% for the autofocus to work. Also, it slightly decreases image quality. The LA-EA1 and LA-EA3 do not need optical elements in the light path and thus will not change image quality in any way. The LA-EA1 and LA-EA2 are designed to cover the APS-C format only, whereas the LA-EA3 and LA-EA4 are full-frame capable (when used on a full-frame camera).

The following lens mounts can be used on the Sony E-mount with the use of various adapters available from third parties:[19]

Comparison with similar lens mounts

Maker Mount Flange focal distance
(mm) 		Outer diameter
(mm) 		Frame size
(mm)
Sony E-mount 18 46.1 35.9×24.0
Canon EF-M-mount 18 54? 22.3×14.9
Fujifilm X-mount 17.7 44 23.6×15.6
Panasonic/Olympus μ4/3 20 44 17.3×13
Samsung NX-mount 25.5 42 23.5×15.7[20]

References

  1. ^ http://www.sony.co.uk/hub/nex-compact-system-camera/range
  2. ^ "Sony introduces world’s smallest and lightest interchangeable lens digital cameras" (Press release).  
  3. ^ "Sony develops an interchangeable lens HD camcorder equipped with the powerful EXMOR APS HD CMOS sensor" (Press release).  
  4. ^ "7 Reasons To Be Excited About the Sony 55–210mm f/4.5–6.3 Zoom Lens". PhotographyTalk. Retrieved August 22, 2012. 
  5. ^ "A Sony NEX-7 Rolling Review". Retrieved June 20, 2013. 
  6. ^ "Hasselblad announces 24MP Lunar - an 'ultimate luxury' mirrorless camera".  
  7. ^ Sony Electronics Inc., ILCE-3000K/BM Specifications, retrieved August 21, 2014 
  8. ^ Sony Communications (April 6, 2014). "Sony’s α7S Full-Frame Camera Realizes a New World of Imaging Expression". Retrieved August 21, 2014. 
  9. ^ Sony Communications (August 18, 2014), Sony debuts ultra compact α5100 interchangeable lens camera with impressive autofocus, retrieved August 21, 2014 
  10. ^ Paul, Matthias (2014-03-27). "E-Bajonett-Objektiv-IDs: Welches E-Bajonett-Objektiv hat welche ID?" [E-Mount Lens IDs: Which lens reports which lens ID?] (in German). Retrieved 2014-05-02. 
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Sony Communications (October 15, 2013). "Sony introduces first full frame E-Mount lenses". Retrieved August 21, 2014. 
  12. ^ a b c Sony Communications (August 26, 2013). "Sony expands E-mount lens family with announcement of three new models". Retrieved August 21, 2014. 
  13. ^ Sony Communications (September 12, 2014). "Sony introduces world’s first 35mm full frame lens with power zoom capability". Retrieved September 14, 2014. 
  14. ^ Sony discloses basic specifications of the "E-mount" for interchangeable single lens cameras without fee, sony.net
  15. ^ Applying for "E-mount" Basic Specification License
  16. ^ http://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/search?atclk=Lens+Mount_Sony+E-Mount+%28Full+Frame%29&ci=17912&N=4196380428+3999800997
  17. ^ "Sony Alpha NEX camera mount adapter". 
  18. ^ "LA-EA1 mount adapter firmware update (version 2)". 
  19. ^ "Sony NEX E-mount lens adapters". 
  20. ^ "Samsung NX10000 Tech Specs". Retrieved August 21, 2014. 
Sony E-mount MILC timeline
Family Level Format 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
XDCAM Professional Super-35mm PXW-FS7
NXCAM NEX-FS100 NEX-FS700 NEX-FS700R
Entry-level APS-C NEX-EA50
Handycam High-End Full-frame NEX-VG900
Advanced APS-C NEX-VG10 NEX-VG20 NEX-VG30
Alpha (α) Sensitivity Full-frame α7S
Resolution α7R
High-End α7 α7 II
Advanced APS-C NEX-7
Mid-range NEX-6 α6000
Upper-entry NEX-5 / NEX-5C NEX-5N NEX-5R NEX-5T α5000 α5100
Entry-level NEX-3 / NEX-3C NEX-C3 NEX-F3 NEX-3N α3000
SmartShot QX1
This article was sourced from Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. World Heritage Encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, Open Access Publishing, and in compliance with The Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act (FASTR), Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., Public Library of Science, The Encyclopedia of Life, Open Book Publishers (OBP), PubMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, and USA.gov, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (.gov, .mil, .edu). Funding for USA.gov and content contributors is made possible from the U.S. Congress, E-Government Act of 2002.
 
Crowd sourced content that is contributed to World Heritage Encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles.
 
By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. World Heritage Encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the World Public Library Association, a non-profit organization.
 



Copyright © World Library Foundation. All rights reserved. eBooks from World Library are sponsored by the World Library Foundation,
a 501c(4) Member's Support Non-Profit Organization, and is NOT affiliated with any governmental agency or department.