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Ranchi is the capital of the Indian state of Jharkhand, and its third most populous city of the state. Ranchi was the centre of the Jharkhand movement,[3] which called for a separate state for the tribal regions of South Bihar, northern Orissa, western West Bengal & the eastern area of what is present-day Chhattisgarh. The Jharkhand state was formed on 15 November 2000 by carving out the Bihar divisions of Chota Nagpur and Santhal Parganas.
The name Ranchi is derived from the previous name of the Oraon village at the same site, Archi.[4] "Archi" derives from the Oraon word for bamboo grove or stave. According to legend, after an altercation with a spirit, a farmer beat the spirit with his bamboo stave. The spirit shouted archi, archi, archi and vanished. Archi became Rachi, which became Ranchi.[5] One of the historically significant neighborhoods of Rachi is Doranda (duran "दुरङ" means song and daah "दअः" means water in the Mundari language). Doranda lies between the Hinoo (Bhusur) & Harmoo Rivers, where the civil station, treasury and church established by the British Raj were destroyed by rebel forces during the Sepoy Mutiny.[6]
Ranchi lies at . Its municipal area is 175.12 square kilometres, and its average elevation is 651 m above sea level.
Ranchi is located in the southern part of the Chota Nagpur plateau, which is the eastern section of the Deccan plateau. Ranchi is known as the "City of Waterfalls" because of its numerous waterfalls, the most well known of which are Dassam Falls, Hundru Falls, Jonha Falls, Hirni Falls, and Panchghagh Falls.
The Subarnarekha river and its tributaries constitute the local river system. The channels Kanke, Rukka and Hatia have been dammed to create reservoirs that supply water to the majority of the population.
Ranchi has a hilly topography and its dense tropical forests a combination that produces a relatively moderate climate compared to the rest of the state. During the period of British rule, it was accorded a 'hill station' status. Since that time, rapid population growth and industrialization have caused a marked change in its weather patterns and an increase in average temperature. This has resulted in gradual loss of its eligibility for "hill station" status.
Although Ranchi has a humid subtropical climate, its location and the forests surrounding it combine to produce the unusually pleasant climate for which it's known. Its climate is the primary reason why Ranchi was once the summer capital of the undivided State of Bihar and was designated a preferable "hill station". Summer temperatures range from 20 °C to 42 degrees, winter temperatures from 0 °C to 25 degrees. December and January are the coolest months, with temperatures dipping to the freezing point in some areas. The annual rainfall is about 1430 mm (56.34 inches). From June to September the rainfall is about 1,100 mm. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cwa"(Humid Subtropical Climate).[7]
As per latest 2011 India census,[8] Ranchi Urban Agglomeration has a population of 1,120,374,[9] making it the 46th largest urban city in India and third largest city in Jharkhand after Jamshedpur and Dhanbad. Males constitute 51.3% of the population and females 48.7%.Ranchi is the second most populous district of Jharkhand after Dhanbad. Ranchi city has an average literacy rate of 87.68% (census 2011).
The city witnessed a sudden surge in population after the declaration of the new state of Jharkhand in 2000. Owing to the rising employment opportunities and opening of numerous regional and state level offices, banks, and FMCG companies, the city witnessed a rapid influx of employment seeking migrants. As per a study done by ASSOCHAM in late 2010, Ranchi was the highest employment generating Tier-III city in India with a share of 16.8%, followed by Mangalore and Mysore.[10]
Birsa Munda Airport (IXR) of Ranchi has direct flights from Patna, Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Pune, Chennai, Jammu, Goa and Kolkata. Few major airlines like Air India, GoAir, Indigo and Jet Airways serve this purpose. A new international terminal is now ready which is spread over 19,676 square metres of land furnished with equipment imported from China, Germany and Singapore, and has the capacity to handle 500 domestic and 200 international passengers.[11]
Ranchi is centre for numerous sports activities, including cricket, hockey, football, and many others.[13] The 34th National Games were successfully held in Ranchi in February 2011.
An International Cricket stadium with an indoor stadium and a practice ground has been constructed. This international stadium has so far hosted two International Matches—between India and England on 19 January 2013, and India versus Australia match on 23 October 2013.[14] Apart from that, this stadium has hosted two IPL 6 matches for KKR, three champions league 2013 matches and Celebrity Cricket League Matches for Bhojpuri Dabanggs. A tennis academy, which was inaugurated by Sania Mirza and Shoaib Malik, also runs besides the cricket stadium.[15] Ranchi is among six cities in Hockey India League to be played in January 2013. The Ranchi franchise was bought by Patel-Uniexcel Group and the team named Ranchi Rhinos.[16]
Ranchi has the following FM radio stations: (Listed in increasing order of frequency)
Delhi, India, Rajasthan, Pakistan, Maharashtra
India, Ranchi, Jamshedpur, Hindi, Bihar
Maharashtra, Central Asia, Navi Mumbai, Marathi language, Shiv Sena
Mumbai, Tamil Nadu, Kolkata, Delhi, Tamil language
Ranchi, Germany, India, Kolkata, Myanmar
Jharkhand, Ranchi, Hazaribagh district, Bokaro district, Giridih district
Indian Premier League, Chennai Super Kings, Ranchi, India national cricket team, Kolkata Knight Riders
Ranchi, Jharkhand, Delhi, Patna, Kolkata