This is a list of wettest tropical cyclones by country, using all known available sources. Data is most complete for Australia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Japan, Hong Kong, Mexico, Taiwan, Yap, Chuuk, and the United States, with fragmentary data available for other countries. The French region of Réunion holds several world records for tropical cyclone rainfall, due to the rough topography and its proximity to the Indian ocean.
Antigua and Barbuda
Template:Wettest tropical cyclones start
| 1 |
465.3 |
18.32 |
Lenny 1999 |
V. C. Bird International Airport |
[1]
|
| 2 |
252.5 |
9.94 |
Luis 1995 |
V. C. Bird International Airport |
[2]
|
| 3 |
245.8 |
9.68 |
Frederic 1979 |
V. C. Bird International Airport |
[2]
|
| 4 |
232.6 |
9.16 |
Omar 2008 |
V. C. Bird International Airport |
[2]
|
| 5 |
198.3 |
7.81 |
Earl 2010 |
V. C. Bird International Airport |
[2]
|
| 6 |
194.1 |
7.64 |
Jose 1999 |
V. C. Bird International Airport |
[2]
|
| 7 |
188.9 |
7.44 |
Hugo 1989 |
V. C. Bird International Airport |
[2]
|
| 8 |
163.6 |
6.44 |
Daisy 1962 |
V. C. Bird International Airport |
[2]
|
| 9 |
159.2 |
6.27 |
Iris 1995 |
V. C. Bird International Airport |
[2]
|
| 10 |
144.8 |
5.70 |
Floyd 1981 |
V. C. Bird International Airport |
[3]
|
Australia
Christmas Island
Cocos Islands
Bangladesh
Bangladesh has been the scene of the greatest tropical cyclone casualties in recent times. The country is quite flat and generally lies near sea level.
Belize
This country has terrain mainly across its southern sections, with elevations up to about 3,700 feet (1,100 m).[31] The highest reported rainfall in what was formerly British Honduras occurred during Hurricane Keith in 2000 when 32.67 inches (830 mm) of rain fell in a 24 hour period at Phillip Goodson International Airport in Belize City.[32] It should be noted that equally heavy rains could have fallen during Hurricane Hattie of 1961 and Hurricane Fifi of 1974.
Cambodia
Canada
Tropical cyclones are usually in transition to extratropical cyclones by the time they reach Atlantic Canada, though occasionally they retain their tropical status. No tropical cyclone has ever hit Canada's Pacific coast.
China
China is a mountainous country, which leads to rapid dissipation of cyclones that move inland as well as significant amounts of rain from those dissipating cyclones. Typhoon Nina (1975) caused the collapse of two huge reservoirs and ten smaller dams when 1,062 millimetres (41.8 in) fell in Henan Province during a 24 hour period, which is the record for Mainland China. Typhoon Sam of the 1999 Pacific typhoon season became the wettest known tropical cyclone to impact Hong Kong since records began in 1884, breaking a 73 year old record.[52] Precipitation associated with tropical cyclones and their remains can bring snow to Tibet. An early October 2004 tropical depression brought daily precipitation of 6 centimetres (2.4 in) of liquid equivalent precipitation to Che-Ku county in the form of heavy snow, which was a new October daily precipitation record for both rain and snow. This led to a loss of 340,000 kg of food, 230,000 kg of forage grass, and 263 livestock in the snowstorm.[25]
Mainland
Costa Rica
Cuba
Hurricane Flora of October 1963 drifted across Cuba for four days, leading to extreme rainfall across the mountainous island country. During the heaviest 24 hour period of rainfall, 735 millimetres (28.9 in) of rain fell at Santiago de Cuba. Total amounts of 2,033 millimetres (80.0 in) over 4 days and 2,550 millimetres (100 in) over 5 days produced staggering loss of life in Cuba, where over 2000 perished.[65]
The islands of the eastern Caribbean are constantly threatened by tropical storms and hurricanes, mainly between August and October. Dominica is a rugged island, with spots of elevation as high as nearly 4,750 feet (1,450 m).[66] As Hurricane Jeanne moved through the region, 422.3 millimetres (16.63 in) of rain fell during the 24 hour period ending on the morning of September 15, 2004.[23]
Dominican Republic
This country, taking up two-thirds of Hispaniola, has some of the highest terrain surrounding the Caribbean Sea, with Pico Duarte peaking at 10,700 feet (3,300 m) above sea level.[68] Most of the tropical cyclone rainfall totals on the list below are 24 hour maxima, which likely underrepresent the storm total.
El Salvador
Chuuk
Elevations of the islands surrounding Chuuk lagoon reach a height of about 1,450 feet (440 m).[79] Typhoon Chataan led to excessive rainfall on this island from June 23 – July 3 of 2002, when a total of 939 mm (37.0 in) fell. During the time frame when Chataan was declared a tropical cyclone from July 1–3, 622 mm (24.5 in) fell, with 506 mm (19.9 in) falling on the 2nd alone at the international airport.[80]
Pohnpei
This mountainous island lies in the tropical northwest Pacific Ocean.
Template:Wettest tropical cyclones start
| 1 |
247 |
9.73 |
Axel 1992 |
[82]
|
Yap
The wettest known tropical cyclone for the island was Ruby in 1982, which drifted in the island's vicinity for several days during its initial development phase.[83]
Fiji
Orography from the volcanic islands of Fiji has led to significant rainfall during tropical cyclone passages, which occur roughly once a year. Cyclone Ami of January 2003 led to disastrous flooding across the northern and eastern sections of the island group. The coastal side of Vatuwiri on Taveuni Island measured 311 millimetres (12.24 in) of rainfall on January 13.[93]
France
French Polynesia
Guadeloupe
Hurricane Marilyn moved directly across the island in mid-September 1995,[99] bringing the highest known rainfall totals to the island from a tropical cyclone.
Martinique
Martinique is a mountainous island at the fringe of the eastern Caribbean Sea.
New Caledonia
Template:Wettest tropical cyclones start
| 1 |
813 |
32.01 |
Gyan 1981 |
La Ouinné |
[113]
|
| 2 |
750 |
29.53 |
Beatrice 1959 |
Tiwaka |
[113]
|
| 3 |
713 |
28.07 |
Anne 1988 |
Goro |
[113]
|
| 4 |
620 |
24.41 |
Unnamed 1962 |
Houaïlou |
[113]
|
| 5 |
528 |
20.79 |
Esau 1992 |
Kopéto |
[113]
|
| 6 |
474 |
18.66 |
Drena 1997 |
Dzumac |
[113]
|
| 7 |
450 |
17.72 |
Vania 2011 |
Goro (Station Vale NC) |
[113]
|
| 8 |
414 |
16.30 |
Frank 1999 |
Tango (Chaîne) |
[113]
|
| 9 |
411 |
16.18 |
Cliff 1981 |
La Ouinné |
[113]
|
| 10 |
407 |
16.02 |
Catherine 1961 |
Plum |
[113]
|
Réunion Island
The mountainous island of Réunion has experienced some of the highest rainfall totals from tropical cyclones around the world.[114] Three tropical cyclones have staked their place in rainfall history:
Unnamed Tropical Cyclone (April 8–10, 1958): World record for 48 hours (2,467 millimetres (97.1 in)) set at Aurere.
Tropical Cyclone Denise (January 7–8, 1966):[115] World record for 12 hours (1,144 millimetres (45.0 in)) and 24 hours (1,825 millimetres (71.9 in)) set at Foc-Foc.
Tropical Cyclone Hyacinthe (January 14–28, 1980): World record for ten days: 5,678 mm (223.5 in),[116] and highest overall total at 6,083 mm (239.5 in) over fifteen days, both set at Commerson Crater.[117]
Tropical Cyclone Gamede (February 24–28, 2007): World record for 72 hours (3,929 millimetres (154.7 in)) set at Commerson Crater. Gamede also holds the world record for accumulated rainfall through nine days.[118]
During late January 2002, Tropical Cyclone Dinah dropped significant rains on the island. The highest amounts were 1,360 millimetres (54 in) over a 48 hour period at the Bellecombe resting place (a volcano lodge) and a 745.2 millimetres (29.34 in) storm total at Pierrefonds.[119]
Wallis and Futuna
Template:Wettest tropical cyclones in Wallis and Futuna
Great Britain
Bermuda
Bermuda has not historically received overwhelming rains out of tropical cyclones. This could be because of the rapid pace storms usually pass the island and the lack of mountains on the island.
Guatemala
Tropical Storm Agatha in May 2010 became the second-wettest tropical cyclone in the nation's history when it slowly developed while remaining nearly stationary to the southwest of Guatemala, before turning northeast and dissipating across inland Central America.[131]
Haiti
The mountainous country of Haiti has experienced some of the most powerful hurricanes on record, including Hurricane David. Its three mountain ranges have peaks as high as 8793 feet/2680 meters above sea level.[137]
Honduras
Swan Island
Hong Kong
Template:Wettest tropical cyclones start
| 1 |
616.5 |
24.27 |
Sam 1999 |
Hong Kong Observatory |
[145]
|
| 2 |
597.0 |
23.50 |
July 1926 Typhoon |
Royal Observatory, Hong Kong |
[145]
|
| 3 |
562.0 |
22.13 |
June 1916 Typhoon |
Royal Observatory, Hong Kong |
[145]
|
| 4 |
530.7 |
20.89 |
Agnes 1965 |
Royal Observatory, Hong Kong |
[145]
|
| 5 |
519.0 |
20.43 |
Agnes 1978 |
Royal Observatory, Hong Kong |
[145]
|
| 6 |
516.1 |
20.32 |
Ellen 1976 |
Royal Observatory, Hong Kong |
[145]
|
| 7 |
497.5 |
19.59 |
Dot 1993 |
Royal Observatory, Hong Kong |
[145]
|
| 8 |
491.7 |
19.36 |
Dot 1982 |
Royal Observatory, Hong Kong |
[145]
|
| 9 |
480.9 |
18.93 |
Helen 1995 |
Royal Observatory, Hong Kong |
[145]
|
| 10 |
473.2 |
18.63 |
August 1904 Typhoon |
Royal Observatory, Hong Kong |
[145]
|
India
India can be struck by cyclones that form in the Bay of Bengal or the Arabian Sea.
Indonesia
The precursor tropical disturbance of Tropical Cyclone Inigo in April 2003 dropped heavy rainfall in eastern Indonesia. The rainfall caused flash flooding and mudslides, primarily in Flores but also on West Timor[157] and Sumba.[158] In some locations, the depth of the floodwaters reached 5 metres (16 ft). The Oessao River in West Timor exceeded its banks, which flooded seven villages. In Kupang in West Timor, the system destroyed hundreds of homes and large fields of corn, bean, and rice crop. Heavy damage was reported near Ende, where flooding and mudslides destroyed 20 houses and destroyed the roads connecting to East Flores. The city airport was flooded with one meter (3 ft) of water, preventing aerial transportation and which left the city temporarily isolated. In East Flores Regency in eastern Flores Island, the system left 75 destroyed houses, along with 77 severely damaged and a further 56 receiving light damage.[157]
Iran
Template:Wettest tropical cyclones start
| 1 |
74 mm |
2.91 inches |
Gonu 2007 |
Chabahar |
[160]
|
Jamaica
This mountainous island country of Jamaica can get lashed with rainfall by slow-moving tropical cyclones in the western Caribbean Sea. Its interior, the Blue Mountains, reach a height of 7,400 feet (2,300 m) above sea level.[161]
Template:Wettest tropical cyclones in Jamaica
Japan
The mountainous island archipelago is constantly struck by typhoons recurving out of the tropics, which are normally in extratropical transition as they pass through Japan. Typhoon Wipha in 2013 produced a 24 hour total of 824 millimetres (32.4 in) on 15/16 October on Izu Oshima.[162][163] Typhoon Meari/Quinta of the 2004 Pacific typhoon season led to heavy rain at Owase with a total of 741 millimetres (29.2 in) ending at 1500 UTC on the 29th.[23] Typhoon Saomai in 2000 produced record rainfall at Nagoya, 584.2 millimetres (23.00 in) in 24 hours.[164] Fran of the 1976 Pacific typhoon season holds the national 24-hour precipitation record of 1,174 millimetres (46.2 in).[165]
Typhoon Rusa caused 409 millimetres (16.1 in) of rain to fall at Naze on August 29–30, 2002.[179] Typhoon Aere dropped 314.5 millimetres (12.38 in) of rain in the 65 hour period ending at 1400 UTC on August 25, 2004 at Ishigakihima.[55] Typhoon Agnes in August 1957 dropped 586.2 millimetres (23.08 in) of rainfall on Marcus Island.[16]
Tropical cyclones occasionally threaten this central Pacific island. Hurricane Celeste of 1972 brought 6.21 inches (158 mm) to the isle around August 19.[182]
The Korean Peninsula experiences typhoons regularly. Tropical cyclones which impact southern China also lead to, on average, five heavy rainfall events per year across the Korean peninsula.[183]
North/DPR Korea
Very heavy rains fell across Tongchon and Kosong counties during Typhoon Rusa in 2002, where up to 510 millimetres (20 in) of precipitation fell in a 5-10 hour period.[179]
Madagascar
The north end of the island, known as the Tsaratanana Massif region, contains terrain with elevations up to 9417 feet/2880 meters.[190]
Template:Wettest tropical cyclones in Madagascar
Malaysia
Template:Wettest tropical cyclones start
| 1 |
745.2 |
29.3 |
Dina 2002 |
Pierrefonds |
[192]
|
| 2 |
711.0 |
28.0 |
Hollanda 1994 |
Mare-aux-Vacoas |
|
| 3 |
202.8 |
7.98 |
Hennie 2005 |
Sans-Souci |
|
| 4 |
192.8 |
7.59 |
Dumile 2013 |
Arnaud |
[193]
|
| 5 |
58.8 |
2.31 |
Crystal 2002 |
Providence |
[194]
|
Mexico
Hurricane Wilma of 2005 drifted over the northeast portion of the Yucatán peninsula for a couple of days, dropping significant rains. A report of 1,576 millimetres (62.0 in) was reported by the Servicio Meteorológicio Nacional in Mexico,[195] which is the wettest known 24-hour rainfall amount ever measured in Mexico. Second on the list is from Tropical Storm Frances in 1998, which accumulated up to 1,019 millimetres (40.1 in) of rain at Independencia in southern Chiapas.[196] Below is a list of the highest known storm total rainfall amounts from individual tropical cyclones across Mexico. Most of the rainfall information was provided by the Mexico's National Weather Service, Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, which is a part of the National Water Commission, Comisión Nacional del Agua.
Template:Wettest tropical cyclones in Mexico
Mozambique
The elevation of the country increases to the west, with mountains on its highest plateau reaching nearly 8,000 feet (2,400 m).[197]
Some of the highest elevations on the planet lie in Nepal. Eight out of fourteen highest peaks in the world lie in the Nepalese Himalaya including the highest peak of the World, Mt. Everest (8848 m).[203] During a tropical depression that affected the Indian Subcontinent in 2004, 51.3 millimetres (2.02 in) of rain fell at Kathmandu airport in the 24 hour period ending at 1200 UTC on October 7.[25]
Netherlands Antilles
This hilly island is partially owned by France and partially claimed by the Netherlands.
Template:Wettest tropical cyclones in Saint Martin/Sint Maarten
New Zealand
Most tropical cyclones which pass near New Zealand are in extratropical transition (ET), which can enhance their heavy rainfall threat.
Niue, Southwest Pacific
During the passage of Tropical Cyclone Heta in January 2004, the Niue Meteorological Station reported a record 24-hour rainfall of 999.2 millimetres (39.34 in).[214]
Oman
Tropical cyclones for the Arabian Sea usually affect Pakistan. Tropical cyclones from the Bay of Bengal can affect Pakistan, though they usually weaken by the time they reach the Pakistani coastline.[220]
Palau
Palau consists of a string of islands that is rugged and surrounds a lagoon. Elevations up to 2,060 feet (630 m) exist within the island group.[233]
Panama
Inflow to the south of Hurricane Mitch brought impressive rainfalls to the Panama. Veledero de Tole recorded 695 millimetres (27.4 in) of rainfall between October 22 and 31 of 1998.
Philippines
This Philippines island archipelago is fairly mountainous, with the highest terrain found in Luzon.
Template:List of wettest tropical cyclones in the Philippines
Singapore, South China Sea
Typhoon Vamei of December 20, 2001 was the only known storm to ever hit the island state. It dropped 165.1 millimetres (6.50 in) of rainfall.
South Africa
Tropical Cyclone Eline in February 2000 dropped significant rains on portions of South Africa. The highest amount noted was 480 mm (19 in) at Thohoyandou.[237]
Spain
The only tropical cyclone to reach mainland Europe was 2005's Hurricane Vince. It dropped 3.3 inches (84 mm) of rain on the plain near Cordoba.[238]
Sri Lanka
A tropical depression in early October 2004 led to heavy rains across Sri Lanka. The maximum was measured at Galle where 117.2 mm (4.61 in) fell in the 24 hour period ending at 0600 UTC on the 2nd.[25]
St. Brandon, South Indian Ocean
Tropical Cyclone Darius of New Year's Eve/Day of 2003/2004 passed about 45 miles (72 km) west-northwest of the island. Rainfall over the 24 hour period of closest approach was 135 mm (5.3 in).[239]
St. Kitts
Nevis
Taiwan
Thailand
Tropical cyclones occasionally cross the Malay Peninsula from the northwest Pacific into the Bay of Bengal.
Tonga
Template:Wettest tropical cyclones start
| 1 |
200.0 |
7.87 |
Waka 2001 |
|
|
| 2 |
153.0 |
6.02 |
Lin 2009 |
Niuafo’ou |
[250]
|
| 3 |
152.2 |
6.00 |
Mick 2010 |
Fua'amotu |
|
| 4 |
149.0 |
5.87 |
Rene 2011 |
Fua'amotu |
|
| 5 |
120.0 |
4.72 |
Issac 1982 |
|
[251]
|
| 5 |
120.0 |
4.72 |
Jasmine 2012 |
Tongatapu |
[252]
|
| 6 |
97.7 |
3.85 |
Vaianu 2006 |
Fuaʻamotu |
[253]
|
| 7 |
44.8 |
1.76 |
Cyril 2011 |
Vava’u |
[254]
|
| 8 |
37.5 |
1.48 |
Wilma 2010 |
Fua'amotu |
[255]
|
| 9 |
35.9 |
1.41 |
Cliff 2007 |
Fua'amotu |
|
United States
US Mainland
Below is a list of the top ten highest storm total rainfall amounts from individual tropical cyclones across the lower 48 since 1950. The remains of Amelia 1978 led to the wettest storm total rainfall amounts of any tropical cyclone to impact the lower 48 over that time frame when it moved into Texas during early August 1978.[16] Most of the rainfall information was provided by the National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina.
Template:Wettest tropical cyclones start
| 1 |
1219 |
48.00 |
Amelia 1978 |
Medina, Texas |
[16]
|
| 2 |
1148 |
45.20 |
Easy 1950 |
Yankeetown, Florida |
[16]
|
| 3 |
1143 |
45.00 |
Claudette 1979 |
Alvin, Texas |
[16]
|
| 4 |
1033 |
40.68 |
Allison 2001 |
Northwest Jefferson County, Texas |
[16]
|
| 5 |
977 |
38.46 |
Georges 1998 |
Munson, Florida |
[16]
|
| 6 |
932 |
36.71 |
Danny 1997 |
Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Alabama |
[16]
|
| 7 |
756 |
29.76 |
Unnamed 1960 |
Port Lavaca #2, Texas |
[16]
|
| 8 |
707 |
27.85 |
Alberto 1994 |
Americus, Georgia |
[16]
|
| 9 |
695 |
27.38 |
Beulah 1967 |
Pettus, Texas |
[16]
|
| 10 |
686 |
27.00 |
Camille 1969 |
West Central Nelson County, Virginia |
[16]
|
Hawaii
This island chain frequently sees rainfall from the remains of former eastern and central Pacific tropical cyclones, but direct impacts of tropical cyclones are infrequent despite its location in the subtropics due to the protective influence of the Central Pacific Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough (TUTT) which normally dissipates systems approaching Hawaii. The highest amount reported statewise was during Hurricane Hiki of 1950, when 1321 mm (52.00 inches) fell in the mountains.[256] More recently, Hurricane Kenneth deposited 305 mm (12.00 inches) within the state.[257]
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico has seen dramatic rainfall from tropical cyclones and their precursor disturbances. The most recent tropical cyclone-related deluge was from Hurricane Georges from September 1998, when 775 mm/30.51 inches of rain was measured at Jayuya.[265] The heaviest rainfall noted over the past 30 years was from the precursor disturbance to Tropical Storm Isabel (1985), when 804 mm/31.67 inches fell at Toro Negro Forest.[266] Hurricane Eloise of 1975 dropped 946 mm/33.29 inches of rainfall at Dos Bocas, with 586 mm/23.07 inches falling in 24 hours. Below is a list of the top ten highest known storm total rainfall amounts from individual tropical cyclones across Puerto Rico since 1960. The rainfall information was gathered from the National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina.
Template:Wettest tropical cyclones in Puerto Rico
Guam
Template:Wettest tropical cyclones in Guam
Northern Marianas Islands
The Northern Marianas Islands are an archipelago north of Guam which get impacted by typhoons in the western Pacific on a regular basis. Typhoon Steve dropped nearly 20 inches (510 mm) on Saipan in 1993,[267] making it the wettest known tropical cyclone for the island chain.
Template:Wettest tropical cyclones in the Northern Marianas Islands
American Samoa
Tropical cyclones impact the island chain with tropical storm-force winds once every three years, on average.[268]
Template:Wettest tropical cyclones start
| 1 |
472.4 |
18.60 |
Unnamed Jan-Feb 1966 |
Vaipito |
Template:Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima
|
| 2 |
445.5 |
17.54 |
Val 1991 |
Pago Pago Airport |
[16]
|
| 3 |
394.7 |
15.54 |
Ofa 1990 |
Aasufou |
[16]
|
| 4 |
359.9 |
14.17 |
Heta 2004 |
Aasufou |
[16]
|
| 5 |
254.5 |
10.02 |
Olaf 2005 |
Aasufou |
[16]
|
| 6 |
242.8 |
9.56 |
Wilma 2011 |
NWS Pago Pago |
[269]
|
| 7 |
212.1 |
8.35 |
Esau 1981 |
Aasufou |
[16]
|
| 8 |
118.0 |
4.66 |
Nisha 2010 |
NWS Pago Pago |
[270]
|
| 9 |
95.5 |
3.76 |
Keli 1997 |
Afono |
[16]
|
| 10 |
80.5 |
3.17 |
Tusi 1987 |
Afono |
[16]
|
Vanuatu
Template:Wettest tropical cyclones start
| 1 |
545.0 |
21.46 |
Dani 1999 |
Bauerfield Airport |
[271]
|
| 2 |
369.1 |
14.53 |
Vania 2011 |
Aneityum Island |
[272]
|
| 3 |
266.6 |
10.50 |
Sarah 1994 |
Pekou Airport |
[273]
|
| 4 |
262.2 |
10.32 |
Bola 1988 |
Pekou Airport |
[273]
|
| 5 |
254.4 |
10.02 |
Ivy 2004 |
Bauerfield Airport |
[274]
|
| 6 |
247.6 |
9.75 |
Anne 1988 |
Pekou Airport |
[273]
|
| 7 |
246.4 |
9.70 |
Nigel 1985 |
Pekou Airport |
[273]
|
| 8 |
223.7 |
8.81 |
Zuman 1998 |
Pekou Airport |
[273]
|
| 9 |
219.3 |
8.63 |
Esau 1992 |
Pekou Airport |
[273]
|
| 10 |
171.5 |
6.75 |
Lili 1989 |
Pekou Airport |
[273]
|
Venezuela
A few tropical cyclones have skimmed the northern coast of South America over recent decades. Tropical Storm Bret (1993) dropped 339 millimetres (13.3 in) of rain in ten hours at Guanare, Portuguesa, Venezuela.[275]
Vietnam
See also
References
External links
- Camp Perrin, Haiti Rainfall Records
- Hurricane Impacts on Jamaica
- Individual Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Pages for United States
- Individual Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Pages for Puerto Rico/U.S. Virgin Islands
- Major Hydrologic Events in Cuba since 1962
- Maximum 24-hour rainfall totals on Guam 1924-1992
- Maximum amounts in the lower 48 United States by state
- Meteo-France Report on Lenny (1999)
- Mexico's Report on Hurricane Wilma (2005) on their country
- NHC's report on Hurricane Keith (2000)
- NHC's report on Hurricane Lenny (1999)
- NWS Service Assessment for Typhoon Pongsona (2002)
- Pacific ENSO update - 1st quarter 2005
- Typhoon Rainfall Statistics and Forecasting (China)
- United States Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Climatology
- Weather-Rainfall-Cyclones Australia
- World Records for Tropical Cyclone Rainfall
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