Graveyard slot

Example of U.S. TV dayparting: The white area is the overnight graveyard slot (2 AM - 6 AM), which is not considered important.

A graveyard slot is a time period in which a television audience is very small compared to other times of the day, and therefore broadcast programming is considered far less important.^[1] Graveyard slots are usually in the early morning hours of each day, when most people are asleep. Because there is little likelihood of having a substantial viewing audience during this time period, providing useful television programming during this time is usually considered unimportant; some broadcast stations go off the air during these hours, and some audience measurement systems do not collect measurements for these periods. Some broadcasters may do engineering work at this time. Others use broadcast automation to pass-through network feeds unattended, with no one present at the local station overnight. A few stations use "we're always on" or a variant to position their 24-hour operation as a promotional selling point.

Programming

The most well-known graveyard slot in most parts of the world is the overnight television slot, after late night television and before breakfast television (between 2:00 AM and 6:00 AM). During this time slot, most people that are at home are asleep, and most of those that are awake are either at work, away from the television, or just returning home from a bar and too intoxicated to pay attention, leaving only insomniacs, intentionally nocturnal people, and irregular shift workers as potential audiences. Because of the small number of people in those categories, the overnight shift was historically ignored as a revenue opportunity, although increases in irregular shifts have made overnight programming more viable than it had been in the past. In the United States, for example, research has shown that the number of televisions in use at 4:30 AM doubled from 1995 to 2010 (8% to 16%).^[2]

Since the advent of home video recording, some programs in this slot may be transmitted mainly with home taping in mind. Among these are the BBC's Sign Zone and their former specialist service BBC Select, which were for specialist audiences.^[3][4] Some channels may carry adult-oriented content in the graveyard slot, although programming of a pornographic nature is restricted to subscription channels in most countries because government communications regulations forbid pornography on over-the-air channels at any time of the day.

The slot is used in the United States by some niche networks to transmit live sports such as cricket, Nippon Professional Baseball, Philippine Basketball Association matches, and Australian rules football from Australia, India, Japan, the Philippines, and other nations where the American overnight is the Asian afternoon and evening. Some limited prime-time or noontime general programming from those nations are also transmitted live to the United States.

Since the 1980s, graveyard slots, once populated by broadcasts of syndicated reruns and old movies, have increasingly been used for program-length infomercials or simulcasting of home shopping channels, which provide a media outlet with revenue and a source of programming without any programming expenses or the possible malfunctions which might come with going off-the-air; the graveyard slots can also be used as dumping grounds for government-mandated public affairs programming, or for station groups which are required by their parent companies to carry programming, to air those shows otherwise unpalatable in prime timeslots; for instance with Sinclair Broadcast Group, a public affairs program by political commentator Armstrong Williams (who has business interests with Sinclair), The Right Side, is required to be aired by all Sinclair stations, but is often seen in graveyard slots on those stations instead of its intended weekend late morning slots as many Sinclair stations choose locally instead to present E/I and paid programming at that time. The most often seen original programming in the overnight period in the past was daytime talk shows which had failed to find an audience in their original timeslots and are being burned off, though with cable networks airing the same talk shows, usually a same-day late repeat of a successful talk show or infotainment news program is now carried; this is prevalent in markets with sports teams where coach's shows and team highlight shows preempt primetime infotainment shows before primetime, allowing it to be seen in some form on a station without penalty to the syndicator.

The Big Three television networks in the United States all offer regular programming in the overnight slot (ABC and CBS use overnight newscasts, with an emphasis on sports scores from West Coast games that typically conclude after 1 AM ET and international financial markets with the ending of the Australasian and beginning of the European trading day, all of which takes place between 2 and 5 AM ET, and NBC, which dropped its overnight news in the late 1990s, replays the fourth hour of Today and CNBC's Mad Money). Each network also produces its early morning newscast at 4 a.m. local time so that it may be tape delayed to air before local news. Also, since the proliferation of digital video recorders, several cable and satellite outlets have begun airing original or rarely seen archival programming in these time slots to make them available to those recording them on DVRs (special restrictions prevent stations from using the overnight graveyard slot for E/I shows). An emerging trend in the United States is an increasingly early local newscast, which now begins as early as 4:00 AM in some major markets, targeting those who work early shifts or are returning from late shifts; this early newscast would fit into the overnight daypart rather than breakfast television.^[2]

The graveyard slots' lack of importance sometimes benefits programs. Producers and program-makers can afford to take more risks, as there is less advertising revenue at stake. For example, an unusual or niche program may find a chance for an audience in a graveyard slot (a current day example is adult swim's FishCenter Live, which features games projected onto the video image of an aquarium), or a formerly popular program that no longer merits an important time slot may be allowed to run in a graveyard slot instead of being removed from the schedule completely. However, abusing this practice may lead to channel drift if the demoted programs were presented as channel stars at some time.^[5]

Another thing to note is the prevalence of cheaply-produced local advertisements which allow an advertiser to purchase time on the station for a low cost, advertisements for services of a sexual nature or ads for "mail-order bride" services, and public service announcements airing in this time slot due to the reduced importance of advertising revenue.

Examples

Japan

Japanese over-the-air stations broadcast late night anime almost exclusively, starting in the Late night television slot at 11:00 PM, but bridging the graveyard slot and running until 4:00 AM. Because advertising revenue is scant in these time slots, the broadcasts primarily promote DVD versions of their series, which may be longer, uncensored, and/or have added features like commentary tracks, side stories and epilogues.^[6]

United Kingdom

In the UK overnight is from 12:30 AM to 6:00 AM.

BBC One showed Sign Zone from 2000-2013 during this time before simulcasting with BBC World News (in a 3 way simulcast between BBC One, BBC News Channel and BBC World News for the second part). Nowadays, BBC World News comes on usually after midnight or 1am depending on which film is broadcast for the first part and usually following Weatherview BBC Two shows Sign Zone and repeats for the first part and then either BBC Learning Zone or closes down which is marked in schedules as "This is BBC Two" depending on the time of year. ITV shows Jackpot247 (After Midnight on STV; Teleshopping on UTV) and then repeats before showing ITV Nightscreen until 5am on weekdays followed by The Jeremy Kyle Show, and 6am at the weekend. Channel 4 shows repeats and films during these hours apart from Wednesdays where sports including, Motor Racing, Triathlon and Beach Volleyball are shown. During the National Football League season for American football, the American NBC's Sunday Night Football game, along with playoff games and the Super Bowl, are carried live, which is often also the case with other popular American sports airing in primetime in the UK on Sky Sports and BT Sport. Channel 5 shows Supercasino with some repeats towards the end. Most digital channels during this time either go off air or show simulcast with shopping channels and some stay on the air. BBC News Channel simulcasts with BBC World News during these hours.

United States

Examples of graveyard slots in the United States, outside of the traditional overnight slots, include:

Weekdays, noon Eastern

This time slot became a "death slot" for network programming as local midday news became more popular in the 1970s. CBS still offers an option for affiliates to air The Young and the Restless at noon Eastern, mainly so that Central Time Zone affiliates can air local news at 12 noon CT; but actual participation in this varies by location. Stations that do not carry news in this slot usually air syndicated fare or an infomercial. Prior to the 1970s, this slot was a popular "lunch slot", and shows such as Jeopardy! were popular in the time slot.

Weekdays, 4 p.m. Eastern

When the noon time slot became unfavorable in the late 1970s, networks began doubling up airings of their noon shows at 4 p.m. Increases in syndication during the early 1980s led to networks having fewer and fewer affiliates in this time slot as well, and eventually all networks abandoned regularly programming the slot by 1986 (incidentally the same year The Oprah Winfrey Show debuted; Oprah soon came to dominate the time slot), and until 1996, occasional afterschool specials for children. Since the 1990s, the expansion of local television news has led to stations without major syndicated hits choosing to offer local news in this hour. By 2012, most networks' daytime programming had ended at 2 p.m. Eastern, and many stations have begun offering up to three hours of local news, interrupted either by a 4:30 syndicated program or the 6:30 network news.

Friday night death slot

In the late 1970s and into the 1980s, the term "death slot" was used to denote that any network programs scheduled opposite hugely popular Friday evening series (such as Dallas, Falcon Crest, and Miami Vice) were doomed to certain death in the ratings wars.^[7][8][9] This time slot, however, has become increasingly unpopular due to fewer viewers being at home to watch television on Friday nights, particularly among the much-sought after 18–49 demographic.^[10][11] Also, with media conglomerates now owning both television networks and film studios, the former must downplay programming by corporate demand to attract moviegoers to theaters on the traditional opening night for major films. As such, programs that air on Friday nights tend to lag behind in viewership compared to those on other weeknights, and networks have since programmed inexpensive reality programming or news magazines in this slot instead of scripted programs. Scripted programs that end up in Friday night slots have often been moved there from more lucrative Monday-Thursday evening time slots due to poor performance, and this is often an indication that the series is facing cancellation. This was the case with ABC's 8 Simple Rules in 2004–05, and Fox's 'Til Death in 2009–10.
Since 2005, CBS is the only major network that continues to air a full line-up of first-run scripted programming on Fridays, and has become successful with this time slot in the last 15 years. The CW has also maintained an entire primetime schedule of scripted programs since 2010, with similar success.
Despite being a known graveyard slot, there have been notable exceptions to this rule, such as The Brady Bunch, Sanford and Son, Full House, Homicide: Life on the Street, Reba, Numb3rs, Ghost Whisperer, CSI: NY, and Shark Tank. In addition, a handful of cable channels have also had success with Friday night programming. This includes USA Network, which had a lineup of original programming on Friday evenings from 2002 to 2010 featuring Monk as the lineup's centerpiece, and Disney Channel, which since 2006 has successfully maintained a schedule of largely scripted Friday night programming which appeals to pre-teens and young teenagers (including series such as Wizards of Waverly Place, Phineas & Ferb, The Suite Life on Deck, Jessie and most recently Girl Meets World). Original made-for-TV movies occasionally premiere in the slot several times per year as an attempt to keep potential movie-goers at home. ABC had notable success on Friday evenings with its TGIF lineup beginning in 1989, but the time slot's ratings began to wane in the late 1990s. ABC made another attempt at Friday success in the 2012–13 season, moving the family-oriented Tim Allen sitcom Last Man Standing to Fridays for its sophomore season. Despite this move, the show's ratings held steady from the previous season, when it aired on Tuesdays.^[12]

Weekend afternoons

Particularly when no sporting events are airing, there is very little incentive to watch television after Saturday morning cartoons and news programs or Sunday morning talk shows end, especially with NFL or college football, where most stations refuse to put on competitive programming if a local team is playing. Most stations air infomercials, movies, or little-watched syndicated fare in this slot. ABC airs reality television reruns in the late afternoon slot.

Saturday nights

Until the 1990s, many popular series aired on Saturdays, including CBS series such as Outlaw and Chase and CBS's Chaos in 2010–2011, and CBS's How to Be a Gentleman and NBC's The Firm in 2011-2012. Despite being a known graveyard slot, some channels have gained or maintained success in the Saturday night slot. Such exceptions include Nickelodeon, which has successfully aired a Saturday primetime lineup of first-run programming aimed at pre-teens and teenagers since August 1992 (which has included popular series such as Clarissa Explains It All, All That, Kenan & Kel, iCarly, and Victorious), and Syfy, which has had respectable success with made-for-TV movies that regularly air during Saturday primetime.

Early weekend mornings (prior to 7 a.m.)

Because people generally stay out later on Friday and Saturday nights than other nights of the week, people also tend to sleep in longer on weekend mornings. The weekend morning 5–7 a.m. time slot is the most common time for stations to air public affairs and (on Sundays) televangelism programs.

Sunday nights, 7–8 p.m. and 10–11 p.m.

Because of overruns from National Football League (NFL) games, Fox (in the earlier slot) and, to a lesser extent, CBS (in the latter slot) have had difficulty launching shows in these time slots. Each network uses a different strategy to handle overruns; Fox would preempt its programming in the early time slot if an NFL game overran its time slot, while CBS (to protect its popular news magazine, 60 Minutes) delays its entire prime time broadcast programming schedule if a game overruns, resulting in the show scheduled for the 10 p.m. slot being pushed well past its original start time and occasionally being bumped.^[13] Fox has since addressed the issue by clearing out the time slot for an NFL post-game show during the NFL regular season and setting aside a portion for short-run animated series under its Animation Domination (later Sunday Funday) block, though mid-season replacement series have still had problems finding an audience in the time slot. CBS attempted to stabilize the 10 p.m. slot by moving its established series CSI: Miami from its original Monday night slot to Sunday nights instead of trying to launch a new show in the usually troublesome slot; CSI: Miami was nonetheless canceled after two seasons in its Sunday time slot. ABC airs America's Funniest Home Videos in the early time slot, a relatively low-cost and low-risk program, while NBC (which holds the NBC Sunday Night Football contract that takes up the entire night during the fall and early winter) airs Dateline NBC during the NFL offseason (in the 90's NBC attempted to compete full-force with 60 Minutes with a string of unsuccessful hard newsmagazines before relying on the lighter or true crime-focused Dateline). ABC has had somewhat greater success in the late slot with scripted dramas (e.g. The Practice and Brothers & Sisters).

Opposite popular annual programming specials

Programs such as the Academy Awards, Super Bowl, and the Olympic Games; as well as seasonal airings of popular classic films such as The Wizard of Oz, have been known to draw so many viewers that almost all efforts to counterprogram against them have failed. As such, broadcasters have traditionally countered these events with either reruns or movies. The Super Bowl has historically attracted more unusual fare (such as Animal Planet's Puppy Bowl, a football-themed special consisting of puppies at play),^[14] with most aiming to counter the halftime show to emulate Fox's success with its live In Living Color special in 1992. However, as all four major commercial networks now have some tie to the National Football League's television deals (with all but ABC alternating to air the game), major networks have aired little to no new original programming on the night of the Super Bowl under an unsaid gentleman's agreement.^[15]

Opposite dominant television series

On occasion, a regularly scheduled program may have this kind of dominant drawing power. Notable examples included NBC's The Cosby Show for most of the mid- and late-1980s, ER during its peak in the second half of the 1990s (at the time when NBC's Thursday primetime schedule represented the most watched television programs of the decade), and Fox's American Idol during its peak in the mid-2000s and early 2010s (at the peak of reality television in the U.S. during those decades) - each of which was dubbed a "Death Star" by the other networks because of the show's consistent ability to dominate the ratings.

Content requirements

In Canada, federal regulations require television channels and radio stations to carry a certain percentage of Canadian content (or Cancon). It is common for most privately owned television channels to air the bulk of their Cancon in such graveyard slots (especially weekday mornings and Saturday nights), ensuring they can meet their required percentages of Canadian programming while leaving room for more popular foreign programming in other time periods. For over-the-air terrestrial television stations, the overnight hours are generally not subject to Canadian content (Cancon) requirements, allowing some opportunity for niche or experimental programming during those hours, although most commonly infomercials air instead. Canadian radio stations have similar practices regarding broadcasts of Canadian music, known pejoratively as the "beaver hour". In addition to Canadian content requirements, French-language Canadian radio is required to broadcast at least half of its music with francophone lyrics; NRJ (Canada) stations long followed a format in which its stations simulcast CKMF-FM Montréal with entirely French-language music from 8pm to midnight, then all English-language music in the graveyard slot.

Likewise, in the United States, some stations attempt to bury mandated E/I educational television programming in graveyard slots, though under current regulations by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Children's television series must air during times when children are awake (current standards state between 7:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m.). Thus, these channels will "bury" E/I programs in the middle of a block of infomercials during daytime television hours, when most children are at school and are unlikely to ever see them.

References

1. ^ Time Zones or Dayparting at mediaknowall.com
2. ^ ^{a b} TV News for Early Risers (or Late-to-Bedders). Brian Stelter at nytimes.com, 31 Aug 2010.
3. ^ BBC access services: Get BSL programmes online
4. ^ Cain, John (1992). The BBC: 70 years of broadcasting. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. pp. 137 and 151.  
5. ^ "TV 101: Channel Drift (or, what the hell happened to A&E?)". Tvsquad.com. Retrieved 2012-01-26. 
6. ^ "Japan's Anime Broadcast Ethics Complaints for October 2011". Crunchyroll.com. 2011-11-19. Retrieved 2011-12-05. 
7. ^ Katherine Phillips. "Witty sitcoms scheduled in Friday night death slot," Richmond Times-Dispatch, March 28, 1986, page 46: "ABC is sending two of this season's brightest new sitcoms to certain death at the hands of J.R. Ewing and his Dallas clan."
8. ^ John Voorhees. "ABC reshuffles schedule for ratings but deals only two new shows," The Seattle Times, December 13, 1985, page C5: "Also being dropped is Our Family Honor, the ABC series that has had the distinction of being the lowest-rated Nielsen show almost every week since its debut. It is in the Friday night death slot of 10 pm, against Miami Vice and Falcon Crest.'
9. ^ Knight-Ridder News Service. 'Family Honor' ditched for 'Spenser', Lexington Herald-Leader (KY), October 19, 1985, page C6: "Spenser: For Hire, the above-par detective series starring Robert Urich, is being moved out of the Friday-night death slot opposite Miami Vice and Falcon Crest. ... To make room for "Spenser," ABC is taking "Our Family Honor" off the air [Tuesdays], at least for a while and perhaps permanently.
10. ^ News: Election 2006, The Austin Chronicle
11. ^ Goodman, Tim (October 10, 2007). "Saturday night is dead, yes, but Friday, too?". San Francisco Chronicle. pp. E1. Retrieved February 7, 2012. 
12. ^ Harnick, Chris (May 10, 2013). Last Man Standing' Renewed: ABC Orders Season 3"'". Huffington Post. Retrieved May 15, 2013. 
13. ^ Hinckley, David (30 July 2012). "'"CBS tackles topic of NFL overruns & whether they hurt Sunday lineup of 'Good Wife,' 'Mentalist. New York Dally News. Retrieved 12 January 2015. 
14. ^ Ryzik, Melena (February 2, 2008). Just Fine as Tackles, but They Can’t Pass"'".  
15. ^ "Goal of spectacle colors NFL's thinking about Super Bowl halftime show". Chicago Tribune. February 6, 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2013. 

See also

• Dayparting
• Prime time – the opposite of graveyard slots