Glossary of botanical terms

Many of the terms used in WorldHeritage glossaries (often most) are already defined and explained within WorldHeritage itself. However, lists like the following indicate where new articles need to be written and are also useful for looking up and comparing large numbers of terms together. Terms relating to Plant morphology are included here as well as at Glossary of plant morphology. See also List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names.

This glossary is incomplete; you can help by expanding it: you can also help by adding illustrations that assist an understanding of the terms.

A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4
E 5
F 6
G 7
H 8
I 9
J 10
K 11
L 12
M 13
N 14
O 15
P 16
Q 17
R 18
S 19
T 20
U 21
V 22
W 23
X 24
Z 25
See also 26
References 27
Bibliography 28
External links 29
- Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew 29.1
- Australia and New Zealand 29.2

A

ab-: A prefix meaning from, away from, or outside of.
abaxial: The surface of an organ facing away from the axis; e.g. the lower surface of a lateral organ such as a leaf or petal.
abort: To abandon development of a structure or organ.
abscission: shedding of an organ that is mature or aged, e.g. a ripe fruit or an old leaf.
abscission zone: a specialised layer of tissue formed, for example, at the base of a petiole or pedicel that allows the organ to be shed by abscission when it is ripe or senescent.; Acaulescent Welwitschia
acaulescent: An adjective descriptive of a plant that has no apparent stem, or at least none visible above ground. Examples include some species of Agave, Oxalis and Attalea.^[1]
accrescent: Increasing in size with age, such as a calyx that continues to grow after the corolla has fallen, for example in Physalis peruviana.
-aceae: The suffix added to the stem of a generic name to form the name of a family.
achene: A dry 1-seeded indehiscent fruit; e.g. in the genus Ranunculus.
acicular: Slender or needle-shaped. See Leaf shape.
acropetal: Moving from roots to leaves, e.g. of molecular signals in plants.
acrophyll: The regular leaves of a mature plant, produced above the base; usually in contrast to bathyphyll.
acrostichoid: (describing a type of sorus) covering the entire abaxial surface of the frond, usually densely so, as in Elaphoglossum and Acrostichum.; The diatom Actinoptychus senarius is actinomorphic.
actino-: A prefix that indicates a radial form.
actinodromous: (leaf venation) palmate or radially arranged venation with three or more primary veins arising from at or near the base of the leaf, the primary veins reaching the margin or not.
actinomorphic: regular; radially symmetrical; may be bisected into similar halves in at least two planes. Applies e.g. to steles and flowers in which the perianth segments within each whorl are alike in size and shape; compare regular; contrast with asymmetrical, irregular, zygomorphic.
aculeate: Armed with prickles; e.g. the stem of a rose.
acuminate: Tapering gradually to a point.
acute: Sharply pointed; converging edges making an angle of less than 90°; compare obtuse.
ad-: A prefix meaning near or towards. Also meaning added to.
adaxial: The surface of an organ facing towards the axis; e.g. the upper surface of a lateral organ such as a leaf or petal.
adnate: grown or fused to an organ of a different kind, especially along a margin; e.g. a stamen fused to a petal; cf. connate.
adventitious: A structure produced in an abnormal position; e.g. an adventitious bud produced from a stem rather than from the axil of a leaf.
adventive: Introduced accidentally (usually referring to weeds).
aerial: Of the air; growing or borne above the surface of the ground.
aestivation: The arrangement of sepals and petals or their lobes in an unexpanded flower bud; cf. vernation, the arrangement of leaves in a bud.
aff. (affinis): With affinity to others, akin to; often used for a provisionally recognized but unnamed taxon considered close to that name, perhaps a hybrid or extreme variant.
aggregate fruit: A cluster of fruits formed from the free carpels of one flower, e.g. blackberry; cf. multiple fruit.
agricultural weed: see weed.
alate: having a wing or wings.
albumen: an older name for the storage tissue for nutrients, it is not at all like the albumen (egg white) of animals.
albuminous: (seeds) containing endosperm.
-ales: Suffix to the stem of a generic name or descriptive name to indicate that it applies to a taxon of the rank of order.
alien: a plant introduced to an area outside its natural range (foreign, exotic, non-native, non-indigenous).
alkaloid: Molecule with a nitrogenous base, many used as drugs; e.g. morphine, quinine, strychnine.
alternate: (as adjective) leaves or flowers borne singly at different levels along a stem includes spiralled parts; or (as preposition) when something occurs between something else, for example stamens alternating with petals; compare opposite.
amphitropous: When the ovule is bent so that both ends are near each other; cf. anatropous, campylotropous, orthotropous.
amplexicaul: With the base dilated and clasping the stem, usually of leaves.
anastomosing: When veins are joined by cross-veins to form a network.
anatropous: When an ovule is inverted so that the micropyle faces the placenta (this is the most common ovule orientation in flowering plants); cf. amphitropous, campylotropous, orthotropous.
androdioecious: Of plants, having bisexual flowers and male flowers on separate individuals; cf. andromonoecious, polygamodioecious, polygamomonoecious, polygamous.
andromonoecious: of a species, with bisexual flowers and male flowers on the same plant; cf. gynomonoecious
androecium: Male parts of flower; the stamens of a flower collectively; cf. gynoecium. Abbreviation: A. For instance A 3+3 indicates 6 stamens in two whorls.
androgynophore: A stalk bearing both the androecium and gynoecium of a flower above the level of insertion of the perianth.
androgynous: With male and female flowers in the same inflorescence.
andromonoecious: havingbisexual and male flowers on the same individual; cf. andromonoecious, polygamodioecious, polygamomonoecious, polygamous.
anemophily: Pollination by wind.
angiosperms: flowering plants; plants with developing seeds enclosed in an ovary.
anisomery: the condition of having a floral whorl with a different (usually smaller) number of parts from the other floral whorls.
anisotomic: branching with branches having unequal diameters, such as a trunk and its branch, compare to isotomic.
annual: A plant that completes its life cycle and dies within one year.
anastomose: branching then rejoining.
anterior: positioned in front of, towards the apex, distal.
anther: Pollen-bearing part of the stamen.
anthesis: 1. (of a flower) the period during which pollen is presented and/or the stigma is receptive.; 2. (of a flowering plant) the period during which flowers in anthesis are present. note: not defined for some cases, such as when pollen is released in the bud.
anticlinal: Pointing up away from or perpendicular to a surface, cf. periclinal.
antrorse: Directed towards or upwards, e.g. of hairs on a stem; cf. retrorse.
apetalous: Without petals.
apex: (plural apices) The tip; the point furthest from the point of attachment.
aphlebia: (plural aphlebiae) Imperfect or irregular leaf endings commonly found on ferns and fossils of ferns from the Carboniferous Period.
apiculate: (Usually referring to a leaf) terminating in a short sharp flexible point; less abrupt than mucronate.
apiphily: A form of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by honey bees.
apo-: A prefix meaning away from, separate, without.
apocarpous: Of a gynoecium consisting with one or more carpels which are free from one another (or almost so); e.g. Ranunculaceae, Dilleniaceae.
apomixis: Reproduction, where viable seed or spores are produced without fertilization. A plant produced in this way is an apomict.
apomorphy: (in cladistics) a "different form" from the form of an ancestor, i.e., an innovation, of use in determining membership in a clade.
appendage: A secondary part attached to the main structure; an external growth that seldom has any obvious function.
appressed: Pressed closely, but not fused; e.g. leaves against a stem.
aquatic: Plants whose natural habitat is water: living in or on water for all or a substantial part of the organism's life span, generally restricted to fresh or inland waters.
arachnoid: Cobwebby, from being covered with fine white hairs.
arborescent: Tree-like in growth or general appearance.
arboretum: (plural arboreta) A taxonomically arranged collection of trees.
archaeophyte: An non-native plant that has been present in a geographic area for some time; cf. neophyte.
areolate: Having areoles, being composed of areoles, as an areolate crustose lichen.
areole: (from areola) A space between the threads of a net; e.g. that part of a leaf surface defined by each of the elements of a vein network; as with cacti, the area between the veinlets of a leaf or the region of a cactus bearing the flowers and/or spines. In lichenology, an areole is a polygonal piece of a thallus surface when a crustose lichen it broken up like old dried and cracked paint, or like the polygonal "islands" of dried mud in a dry lake bed.
aril: (adjective arillate): A membranous or fleshy appendage (formed by expansion of the funicle) which partly or wholly covers a seed; e.g. the fleshy outer layer of lychee fruit and as found in Sapindaceae.
aristate: With a stiff, bristle-like awn or tip.
article: A segment of a jointed stem or of a fruit with constrictions between the seeds; an organ part that separates easily from the rest of the organ at a joint or articulation.
articulate: Jointed; separating freely, leaving a clean scar; for example the fronds of certain ferns where they join the rhizome.
ascending: Spreading horizontally, then becoming erect.
ascocarp: The fruiting body (sporocarp) of an ascomycete fungus.
ascomycete: A member of the Ascomycota.
Ascomycota: A division (biology) or phylum of fungi commonly called sac fungi. It is separated from the division Basidiomycota
asexual reproduction: reproduction that does not involve gametes; i.e. vegetative reproduction.
asymmetrical: irregular, unequal, lacking any plane of symmetry.
attenuate: Narrowing gradually.
auricle: (adjective auriculate): Ear-shaped lobe.
awn: Fine bristle-like appendage; e.g. terminating or on the back of glumes and/or lemmas of some grass spikelets.
axil: The upper angle between one part of a plant and another; e.g. the stem and a leaf.
axile: On an axis; of a placenta, on the central axis of the ovary.
axillary: Borne in or arising from the axil of a leaf.
axis: the main stem of a whole plant or inflorescence.

B

baculiform: rod-like, longer than wide, c.f. cylindrical
barb: a rear-facing point, as in a fish hook.
barbed: with (barbs pointing in one direction.)
barbellate: with barbed hairs (barbellae)
bark: the protective external layer of tissue on the stems and roots of trees and shrubs; includes all of the living and non-living tissue external to the cambium.
basal: at the base, situated or attached at the base.
basifixed: something attached by its base; e.g. an anther attached to the filament. compare: dorsifixed
basipetal: developing sequentially from the apex towards the base (i.e. with the youngest towards the base); e.g. of flowers in an inflorescence. Also, moving from leaves to roots, e.g. of molecular signals in plants.
bathyphyll: a specialized leaf that is produced at the base of a plant, usually when the plant is immature, and which serves to anchor the plant to a substrate; especially notable in the fern Teratophyllum. (compare: acrophyll).
beak: a prominent pointed terminal projection, especially of a carpel or fruit. adj. beaked
berry: an indehiscent fruit, with the seeds immersed in the pulp, for instance tomato.
biennial: plant which completes its life cycle and dies within the second year; usually also forms a basal rosette of leaves the first year and flowers and fruits the second year.
bifid: forked; cut in two for about half its length. See also trifid.
bifoliate: having 2 leaflets (referring to a compound leaf).
bifusiform: fusiform with a pinch in the middle
bilabiate: having two lips; e.g. the form of the petals in many irregular flowers.
bilateral: arranged on opposite sides; e.g. leaves on a stem.
biloculate: having two loculi; e.g. in the anthers.
binomial: making use of names consisting of two words to form the scientific name (or combination) in a Latin form. For example, where the first is the name of the genus to which the species belongs, and the second is the epithet given to that species to distinguish it from others in the same genus.
binomial nomenclature: the system of nomenclature in which the scientific name of a species (and not of a taxon at any other rank) is a combination of two names, the first name being the generic name. The second name is referred to botanically as the specific epithet. Note that the two names constitute the species name, not just the second word.
bipinnate: twice pinnate; for example of a compound leaf with individual leaflets pinnately divided.
bipinnatisect: a pinnatisect leaf with deeply dissected segments.
bisexual: bearing both male and female reproductive organs; usually, flowers with both stamens and carpels; hermaphrodite, monoecious, monoicous. See Sexual reproduction in plants.
bitegmic: (of an ovule), covered by two integuments.
bivalve: having two valves or hinged parts. See also trivalve.
blade: the lamina or flattened part of a leaf, excluding the stalk.
bloom: a fine white or bluish waxy powder occurring on plant parts, usually stems, leaves and fruits. It is easily removed by rubbing.
bole: the trunk of a tree, usually below the lowest branch; cf. canopy.
bract: modified leaf associated with flower or inflorescence, differing in shape, size or colour from other leaves (and without an axillary bud).
bracteate: possessing bracts.
bracteole: small bracts borne singly or in pairs on the pedicel or calyx.
bracteolate: possessing bracteoles (bractlets)
bractlet: bracteole
branchlet: a small branch.
brevideciduous: a plant that loses all of its leaves briefly, so that it is leafless for, e.g., about two weeks.
bristle: (adjective: bristly) straight stiff hair (smooth or with minute teeth) or upper part of an awn (when the latter is bent and has a lower, stouter, and usually twisted part, called the column).
brochidodromous: pinnate leaf venation in which the secondary veins do not terminate at the leaf margin, but are joined in a succession of prominent arcs.
bryophyte: informally, a collective term for mosses, hornworts and liverworts. Formally, these plants are placed in three separate divisions: hornworts (Anthocerophyta), liverworts (Marchantiophyta) and mosses (Bryophyta).
bulb: (adj. bulbiferous), thick storage organ, usually underground, consisting of a stem and leaf bases (the inner ones fleshy).
bulbel: a bulb arising from another bulb.
bulbil: small deciduous bulb or tuber formed in the axil of a leaf or pinna; a means of vegetative propagation.
bulblet: a bulb arising from another bulb; a bulbil.
bullate: surface with rounded or globular blisters.
burr: loosely, a prickly fruit; a rough or prickly propagule consisting of a seed or fruit and associated floral parts or bracts.
buttress root: a root growing from the above-ground stem or trunk, and providing support, as in the case of Ficus macrophylla, the Moreton Bay fig.
byssoid: a growth form of a lichen thallus that is whispy, like teased wool.

C

C, C−, C+: In lichenology, "C" is an abbreviation for the test result of placing 5% solution of calcium hypochlorite or sodium hypochlorite (e.g., household bleach without additives) on the cortex or the medulla of a lichen, to note the change in color, with no reaction noted as "C−", and production of a bright colour noted as "C+".
caducous: falling off early, for example the sepals of poppies, that fall off when the petals begin to open; compare persistent and fugacious.; Dianthus chinensis has a caespitose growth habit.
caespitose: tufted; e.g. the growth form of some grasses.
calcareous: A soil type that is rich in calcium carbonate. A lichen substrate rock type that is largely composed of calcium carbonate.
callose: callous, hardened, thickened.; Callus tissue of tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum growing on a nutrient medium in plant tissue culture
callus: 1. (plural: calli), a protruding mass of tissue.; 2. undifferentiated tissue growth formed in response to wounding; may be grown in vitro.; 3. in orchids, fleshy outgrowths from the labellum which can be variously shaped from papillae to plates; 4. in grasses, a hardened extension from the base of a floret (formed from the rachilla joint and/or the base of the lemma) which may or may not elongate and is often covered in hairs or bristles.
calycophyll: a leaf-like structure formed from a sepal or calyx lobe which enlarges, usually many-fold, before or after anthesis, especially when most of the sepals or calyx lobes retain their original size. More extreme than an accrescent calyx, calycophylls are found in Rubiaceae. cf. semaphyll, pterophyll.
calyculate: having an epicalyx.
calyculus: (1) a cup-shaped structure formed from bracts, (2) in some Asteraceae, a circle of bracts below the involucre.
calyptra: a hood or lid; see operculum.
calyx: (plural calyces) the outer whorl of a flower, usually green; the sepals of one flower collectively.
calyx tube: a tube formed by the fusion of the sepals (calyx), at least at the base.
campanulate: bell-shaped.
camptodromous: pinnate venation in which the secondary veins curve toward the margins, in some cases becoming nearly parallel with them, and not reconnecting with other veins to form loops.
campylotropous: when the ovule is oriented transversely (i.e. with its axis at right angles to its stalk) and with a curved embyro sac; cf. amphitropous, anatropous, orthotropous.
canaliculate: channelled; with a longitudinal groove.
canescent: approaching white in color, as in a leaf covered with white down or wool.
canopy: the branches and foliage of a tree; crown; cf. trunk. Also refers to the protective upper layer of a forest.
capillary: 1. (noun) a tube, pore or passage with a narrow internal cross-section.; 2. (adjective) slender, hair-like.
capitate: with knob-like head; of an inflorescence, with the flowers unstalked and aggregated into a dense cluster; of a stigma, like the head of a pin.
capitulum: a dense cluster of sessile, or almost sessile, flowers or florets; e.g. a flower head in the daisy family Asteraceae. see pseudanthium and pseudanthium.
capsule: a dry fruit formed from two of more united carpels and dehiscing when ripe (usually by splitting into pieces or opening at summit by teeth or pores).
carina: (adjective carinate) see keel.
carinal canal: a longitudinal cavity in the stems of Equisetum and extinct Equisetopsida, coinciding with a ridge in the stem surface.
carpel: the basic female reproductive organ in angiosperms, either consisting of a single sporophyll or a single locule of a compound ovary, with a style and a stigma. The gynoecium is the collective term for all of the carpels of a single flower.
cartilaginous: hard and tough; gristly.
caryopsis: a dry, indehiscent, one-seeded fruit in which the seed coat is closely fused to the fruit wall, as in most grasses.
Casparian strip: a continuous band of suberin in the radial primary cell walls of the endodermis in vascular plant stems and roots that forms a permeability barrier to the passive diffusion of external water and solutes into the vascular tissue.
casual alien: a plant that appears with no apparent human assistance but does not develop a sustained population(s). Plants that persist only by new introductions; cf. alien.
cataphyll: Early leaf forms of plants or shoots, such as cotyledons, bud-scales, rhizome-scales; anatomically they are leaves, but do not develop to perform the usual functions of photosynthetic leaves.
catkin: a spike, usually pendulous, in which the mostly small flowers are unisexual and without a conspicuous perianth; e.g. willows, poplars, oaks and casuarinas. The individual flowers often have scaly bracts; they are generally wind-pollinated. The catkins are usually shed as a unit.
caudate: having a narrow tail-like appendage or tip, e.g. a drip tip, cf. acuminate
caudex (plural: caudices): Literally the stem of a plant, but also used to mean a rootstock, or particularly a basal stem structure or storage organ from which new growth arises. See also caudiciform
caudiciform: Literally meaning "stem-like" or "caudex-like", is sometimes used to mean "pachycaul", meaning "thick-stemmed".
cauline: borne on an aerial stem, e.g. leaves, flower or fruits (when applied to the latter two organs, usually referring to older stems; = cauliflorous).
cell: 1. basic (microscopic) unit of plant structure, generally consisting of compartments in a viscous fluid surrounded by a wall.; 2. cavity of an anther or ovary.
centrifixed: of a two-branched organ attached by its centre, e.g. a hair, or anther.
chartaceous: with a papery texture.
chamber: cavity of an ovary.
channelled: sunken below the surface, resulting in a rounded channel.
chasmogamous: of flowers that are pollinated when the perianth is open; cf. cleistogamous.
chimera: an individual composed of two or more genetically different tissues, most commonly as a result of a graft and sometimes within the individual, by mutations and irregularities that occur during cell division.
chiropterophilous: pollinated by bats.
chlorophyll: a green pigment in chloroplasts, essential for photosynthesis.
chloroplast: an organelle present in plant cells that contains chlorophyll.
chlorosis: abnormal lack or paleness of color in a normally green organ.
cilia: (singular cilium, adjective ciliate) generally, hairs more or less confined to the margins of an organ, like eye-lashes; in motile cells, minute, hair-like protrusions which aid motility.
circinate: spirally coiled with the tip innermost; e.g. circinate vernation of the developing fronds of most ferns.
cladode: a photosynthetic stem, often leaf-like and usually with foliage leaves either absent or much reduced; cf. phyllode.
class (biology): the principal category for taxa in a rank between division and order.
clathrate: latticed or pierced with apertures, like a cage.
clavate: club-shaped.
claw: 1. narrow, stalk-like basal portion of petal, sepal of bract.; 2. in Melaleuca, the united portion of a stamen bundle.
cleistogamous: of flowers that self-pollinate and never open fully, or self-pollinate before opening; cf. chasmogamous.
climber: a plant growing more or less erect by leaning or twining on another structure for support, or by clinging with tendrils.
cline: (adjective clinal) continuous morphological variation in form within a species or sometimes between two species.
clone: plants derived from the vegetative reproduction of an individual, all having the same genetic constitution.
coalescent: plant parts fused or grown together to form a single unit.
cochleariform: concave, spoon-shaped.
cochleate: coiled like a snail's shell.
coenobium: An arranged colony of algae that acts like a single organism.
coenocyte: A single cell with multiple nuclei, formed when nuclear division was not followed by cytokinesis.
collenchyma: A specialized tissue consisting of living cells with unevenly thickened cellulose and pectin cell walls that performs a support function in organs such as leaves and young stems that are composed of primary plant tissues.
colleter: a multicellular, glandular hair that usually produces a mucilaginous substance and is located on sepals, stipules, or petioles, or on nearby parts of stems; commonly found on plants in the order Gentianales.
columella: in flowering plants, the central axis of the cone or fruit, e.g. in Callitris.
column: 1. structure extending above ovary and incorporating the style and stamens; gynostemium; e.g. in orchids.; 2. in grasses, the lower, stouter, and usually twisted part of an awn, distinct from the slender upper part or bristle.
columnar: shaped like a column.
commercial name: a name often of no botanical standing and not governed by the ICNCP. The term generally applies to names such as Trademark Names, names covered by Plant Breeders Rights, Patents and Promotional Names; often used to enhance the sale of a plant.
commissure: the seam or face at which two carpels adhere.
community: an assemblage, in nature, of plants that characteristically occur together.
compound: composed of several parts, for instance a leaf with leaflets, a gynoecium with several carpels, or an inflorescence made up of smaller inflorescences.; California Buckeye (Aesculus californica) has a compound palmate leaf, because the leaflets radiate out from a central point.
compound palmate: a compound palmate leaf has leaflets that radiate from a central point (usually at the top of a petiole), like spread-out fingers radiating from the palm of a hand.
compressed: flattened lengthwise, either laterally (from side to side) or dorsally (from front to back).
concolorous: the same colour throughout, uniformy coloured.; The lobes of the corolla of Nicotiana flowers are conduplicate in the bud.
conduplicate: two sides of a flat surface are folded along the midline to face each other. See also ptyxis, aestivation, and vernation.
cone: a fruit, usually woody, ovoid to globular, including scales, bracts or bracteoles arranged around a central axis, e.g. in gymnosperms, especially conifers and Casuarina.
conflorescence: of an inflorescence when the overall structure substantially differs from that of the individual branches of the inflorescence, a rarely used term; e.g. the bottlebrush multiple-flower head of Callistemons.
connate: fused to another organ (or organs) of the same kind; e.g. petals in a corolla tube; cf. adnate.
connective: the part of an anther that connects the anther cells.
connivent: coming into contact or converging.
conspecific: belonging to the same species.
contiguous: adjoining, touching, but not united.
contort: (sepals and petals) a type of imbricate aestivation in which one side of each segment overlaps one of the adjacent segments and the other side is overlapped by the other adjacent segment. see: convolute
contorted: twisted out of the normal shape.
convolute: 1. referring to the arrangement of floral or foliar organs in a bud when each organ or segment has one edge overlapping the adjacent organ or segment; a form of imbricate arrangement; contort.; 2. (leaves) a type of vernation in which one leaf is rolled up inside another.; 3. a type of vernation of two leaves at a node, in which one half of each leaf is exposed and the other half is wrapped inside the other leaf.
cordate: heart-shaped, with the notch lowermost; of the base of a leaf, like the notched part of a heart.
coriaceous: leathery; stiff and tough, but somewhat flexible.
corm: fleshy, swollen stem base, usually underground, storing food reserves, with buds naked or covered by very thin scales; a type of rootstock. Adjectives derived from "corm" include "cormose" and "cormous".
corolla: collective term for the petals of a flower.; The corona of this Passiflora flowers is a ring of purple filaments between the petals and the stamens.
corona: 1. in flowering plants, ring of structures that may be united in a tube, arising from the corolla or perianth of a flower and standing between the perianth lobes and the stamens. The trumpet of a daffodil is a corona.; 2. in grasses, a hardened ring of tissue surmounting the lemma in some species.
cortex: On a lichen, the cortex is the "skin", or outer layer of thallus tissue that covers the medulla Fruticose lichens have one cortex encircling the branches, even flattened, leaf-like forms; foliose lichens have different upper and lower cortices; crustose, placodioid and squamulose lichens have an upper cortex but no lower cortex; and leprose lichens lack any cortex.
corticolous: Growing on bark (compare with lignicolous, growing on wood with the bark stripped off.)
corymb: (adjective corymbose) inflorescence with branches arising at different points but reaching about the same height, giving the flower cluster a flat-topped appearance.
costa: (adjective costate) a rib.
costapalmate: a costapalmate leaf has a definite costa (midrib), unlike the typical palmate or fan leaf, but the leaflets are arranged radially like in a palmate leaf.
cotyledon: primary leaf or leaves of an embryo, becoming the seed leaf or leaves.
craspedodromous: pinnate venation in which the secondary veins terminate at the margins, often as teeth.
crateriform: In the shape of a saucer or shallow cup; hemispherical or more shallow .
crenate: with blunt or rounded teeth, scalloped.
crenulate: minutely scalloped.
crisped: finely curled. A term generally applied to the edges of leaves and petals.
cristarque cell: a sclereid which contains a druse and has the lignin deposited excentrically on the cell wall to form a cup shape, or in cross section, a ∪-shape.
crown: see canopy.
cross: to make something interbreed; the act of hybridization.
cruciform: cross-shaped.
crustaceous: hard, thin and brittle.; Crustose lichens on a wall
crustose: forming a closely applied surface layer, forming a crust
cryptogams: ferns, bryophytes, algae and fungi (including lichenized fungi); 'lower plants'; plants producing spores, and without stamens, ovaries or seeds, literally plants whose sexual reproductive organs are not conspicuous cf. phanerogam.
cucullate: from Latin cucullus, a hood. Hood-like or hooded, commonly referring to the shape of leaves or petals. (Example: Pelargonium cucullatum). Similarly derived terms include cuculliform and cuccularis.
culm: in grasses, sedges, rushes, and some other monocotyledons, an aerial stem bearing the inflorescence; strictly, from the base of the plant to the lowest involucral bract (or base of the inflorescence).
cultigen: a plant whose origin or selection is primarily due to intentional human activity.
cultivar: the term cultivar is derived from cultivated variety and denotes an assemblage of cultivated plants clearly distinguished by one or more characters (morphological, physiological, cytological, chemical or other); when reproduced (sexually or asexually), the assemblage retains its distinguishing characters. A cultivar may arise in cultivation or be introduced from the wild. It is a variant of horticultural interest or value. Cultivar names are written with single quotation marks around them e.g. 'Blue Carpet', 'Alba'. All new names established after 1 January 1959, must be in common language (that is, not in Latin) but names established in Latin prior to this date are retained in Latin form.
cultivar epithet: the defining part of a name that denominates a cultivar. Cultivars are designated by fancy (q.v.) epithets appended either to the scientific name or to the common name of the taxon to which they belong; they are not italicized but placed in single quotation marks, for example Rubus nitidoides 'Merton Early'. 'Merton Early' is the cultivar epithet.
cuneate: wedge-shaped; with straight sides converging at base. See Leaf shape.
cupule: a cup-shaped structure composed of coalescent bracts, such as the cup of an acorn.
cupular: shaped like a cupule.
cupulate: bearing cupules.
cupuliform: nearly hemispherical, shaped like a cupola or dome.
cuspidate: tipped with a cusp.
cuticle: a waterproofing layer covering the epidermis of aerial plant surfaces, composed of the polymers cutin, and/or cutan and waxes.
cutting: a piece of plant, usually an apical tip of shoot structure but may be root or leaf, cut from plant and used for vegetative propagation.
cyathia: plural of cyathium
cyathium: an inflorescence of unisexual flowers surrounded by involucral bracts, esp. the flowers of Euphorbia.; Euphorbia milii is commercially grown for the aesthetic appearance of its brightly colored, bract-like structures called cyathophylls, which sit below the inflorescence.
cyathophyll: The bract-like structure of a Euphorbia on which the involucre sits, usually but not always occurring in twos. They may sometimes be brightly colored and confused with petals.
cylindrical: rod-like and 2-3 times as long as wide, c.f. baculiform.
cyme: (adjective cymose) inflorescence in which the main axis and all lateral branches end in a flower (each lateral may be repeatedly branched).
cypsela: a dry, indehiscent, one-seeded fruit formed from an inferior ovary.

D

deciduous: falling seasonally, for instance bark, leaves, petals; compare persistent.
declinate: curving downwards, and then upwards at the tip. May be qualified, e.g. declinate-ascendant
decompound: divided to more than one level, as in bipinnate leaves for example, in which the leaflets of what otherwise would be a pinnate leaf, are themselves pinnately divided
decorticate: to shed or peel off the outer bark of a tree.
decumbent: with branches growing horizontally on the ground, but turned up at the ends.
decurrent: extending downwards beyond the point of insertion e.g. when the base of a leaf or a fungal gill is prolonged downwards along the stem in a raised line or narrow wing.
decussant: = decussate. The usage decussant is questionable and occurs rarely, probably as an error. The formally correct usage is decussate.
decussate: opposite, with successive pairs borne at right angles to the last; generally applied to the arrangement of leaves.
definite: of a constant number; e.g. twice as many stamens as the petals or sepals (or less), or an inflorescence ending in a flower or an aborted floral bud, typically a cymose inflorescence; cf. indefinite.
deflexed: bent downwards; compare inflexed.
dehiscent: breaking open at maturity to release contents. Refers e.g. to the opening of fruits to release the seeds, of anthers to release the pollen and sporangia to release the spores. Contrast with indehiscent
deltoid: with the shape of the uppercase Greek letter Δ, i.e. like a more or less equilateral triangle. See Leaf shape.
dendroid: tree-like, branching like a tree.
dentate: toothed. See Leaf margin.
denticulate: finely toothed, a diminutive form of dentate.
deserticolous: inhabiting a desert.
determinate: limited, usually in growth.
diaspore: A reproductive part of a plant, adapted for dispersal and for establishing new plants; a disseminule such as a seed, or specialised buds, branches, inflorescences or fruits.
dichasium: a cymose inflorescence with all branches below the terminal flower in regular opposite pairs; compare monochasium.
dichlamydeous: perianth is divided into separate calyx and corolla. Compare to homochlamydeous, in which they are indistinguishable
dichotomous: forking into two equal branches. This may result from an equal division of the growing tip, or may be Carissa (which morphologically are branches) and thalli or hyphae of various algae and fungi.
dicotyledon: a flowering plant whose embryo has two (rarely more) cotyledons (seed leaves) (common usage: dicot.) compare monocotyledon (common usage: monocot.).
digitate: with segments spreading from a common centre, like the fingers of a hand; see also palmate, palmatisect.
: occurring in 2 different forms (in respect to shape and/or size), for example of stamens, fronds, leaves. See also monomorphic (having a single form) and polymorphic (many forms)
dioecious: of vascular plants, when male and female reproductive structures develop on different individuals. cf. monoecious.
dioicous: of bryophyte gametophytes, when male and female reproductive structures develop on different individuals. cf. monoicous.
diploid: with two full sets of chromosomes in the nucleus of a sporophyte cell, that is one set from each of the parental gametes. This is expressed symbolically as 2n, where n = the number of chromosomes in the haploid gametes.
diplostemonous: stamens arranged in two whorls, with the outer whorl alternating with the petals, while the inner whorl is opposite the petals. Compare: obdiplostemonous.
disk (disc): a plate or ring of structures derived from the receptacle, and occurring between whorls of floral parts. In some groups, especially Sapindales, the nectary is in the form of a prominent disk. In daisies, the central part of the capitulum is a disk, hence flowers borne there are called disk flowers or florets.
discoid: resembling a disc or plate, having both thickness and parallel faces and with a rounded margin. Also used to describe the flower head of Asteraceae where there are no ray florets, but only disc florets.
discolorous: of leaves, with upper and lower surfaces of a different colour.
disjunct: occurring in widely separated geographic areas, distinctly separate; applies to a discontinuous range in which one or more populations are separated from other potentially interbreeding populations far enough as to preclude gene flow between them.
dissected: deeply divided; cut into many segments.
distal: remote from the point of origin or attachment; the free end; cf. proximal.
distichous: arranged in two opposite rows (and hence in the same plane).
distinct: separate or free, not united.
distyly: the condition in which the flowers of a species occur in two forms that differ only by the length of the style and stamens, and flowers of only one of these forms appear on any one plant. see:heterostyly
diurnal: of the day; occurring or opening in the daytime.
divaricate: wide-spreading.
divergent: spreading in different directions, generally upward.
division: the term used for the rank below kingdom in the taxonomic hierarchy.; Leaves of Epipremnum aureum have a drip tip
domatia: (singular domatium) Any hollow structure formed by a plant that is inhabited by animals such as ants or mites.
dorsal: at the rear or back, facing away from the axis (abaxial) in a lateral organ or away from the substrate in a prostrate plant.
dorsifixed: attached at or by the back, e.g. anthers on a filament.
dorsiventral: having structurally different upper and lower surfaces, e.g. some leaves.
drip tip: a long, narrow, caudate or acuminate extension at the tip of a leaf or leaflet.
drupe: a succulent fruit formed from one carpel; the single seed is enclosed by a stony layer of the fruit wall; kernel; e.g. peaches, olives.
drupelet: a drupe, usually small, formed from one of the carpels in an apocarpous flower. Drupelets usually form a compound fruit, as in Rubus, but they may become widely separated, as in Ochna.
druse: a globular mass of organic core.

E

ebracteate: without bracts. Similarly ebracteolate.
ecological amplitude: the range of environmental conditions in which an organism can survive.
edaphic: Influenced by or of the soil.
elaiosome: oily body attached to the seed.
elephophily: a form of pollination whereby pollen or spores are distributed by the feet of elephants, as in Rafflesia arnoldii
ellipsoid: a 3-dimensional shape, elliptical in all sections through the long-axis.
elliptical (elliptic): planar, shaped like a flattened circle, symmetrical about both the long and the short axis, tapering equally both to the tip and the base; oval.
emarginate: notched at apex (notch usually broad and shallow).
embryo: young plant contained by a seed.
emergent: a plant taller than the surrounding vegetation or, for a water-based plant, one whose leaves and flowers are above the water.
enantiostyly: the condition in which the gynoecium protrudes laterally, to the right (dextrostyly) or to the left (sinistrostyly) of the androecium. example: Senna.
endemic: having a natural distribution restricted to a particular geographic region; cf. native.
endocarp: the innermost layer of the wall of a fruit; in a drupe, the stony layer surrounding the seed.
endodermis: the innermost layer of the cortex of vascular plant roots, also present in the stems of pteridophytes. The radial walls are impregnated with suberin to form a permeability barrier known as the Casparian strip.
endophloeodal: endophloic
endophloic: (synonym – endophloeodal) of crustose lichens, having the thallus growing within rather than on the bark of trees,^[2]^:159 Compare with epiphloedal or corticolous growing on the surface wood or bark; also cf. endolithic growing within rock, not wood
endosperm: 1. (nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo of the seed, usually triploid, originating from the fusion of both polar nuclei with one gamete after the fertilization of the egg.; 2. (gymnosperms) the prothallium within the embryo sac.
ensiform: shaped like the blade of a sword.
entire: 1. not divided.; 2. (of a margin) having a smooth margin, not lobed or toothed (it may be wavy or scalloped).
entomophily: a form of pollination whereby pollen or spores are distributed by insects.
ephemeral: short-lived. See also caducous.; The enlarged calyx and smaller epicalyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa
epicalyx: an involucre resembling an outer calyx; e.g. as seen in Hibiscus.
epicarp: the outer layer of the wall of a fruit, i.e. the 'skin'.
epicormic: said of buds shoots or flowers developing from the old wood of trees, especially after injury or fire.
epicotyl: the part of the plant axis or stem between the cotyledonary node and first foliage leaves.
epicuticular wax: a layer of crystalline or amorphous wax deposited on the surface of the plant cuticle.
epidermis: an organ's outermost layer of cells, usually only one cell thick.
epigynous: borne on the ovary; describes floral parts when attached above the level of the ovary and arising from tissue fused to the ovary wall; cf. hypogynous, perigynous.; An epilithic lichen
epilithic: growing on stone; compare lithophytic, a plant growing on stone.
epinecral: Dead tissue (necral) above the surface of the cortex of a lichen.
epipetalous: of stamens that are attached to the petals.
epiphloedal: Growing on bark; cf. endophloedal - growing inside, not on, the bark; cf. epilithic - growing on rock, not bark.
epiphytic: Living on the surface of a plant; cf. lithophytic.
epitepalous: of stamens that are attached to the tepals.
epiphyte: (adjective epiphytic) one plant growing on another without deriving nourishment from it (in other words, not parasitic); compare parasite. Loosely, and incorrectly, applied to plants that are not terrestrial (they may grown on various inorganic or organic surfaces), and often to orchids, which are rock-dwelling (and therefore strictly lithophytic).
epithet: the adjectival component in a binomial; final word or combination of words in a name of more than one word (other than a term denoting rank) that denominates an individual taxon.; Seeds or fruit are dispersed by epizoochory when they stick to the fur of animals.
epizoochory: Seed dispersal by sticking on the outside of vertebrate animals.
epruinose: not pruinose; The bases of equitant leaves enclose later leaves on the stem.
equitant: of a leaf when folded lengthwise and clasping another leaf.
erect: upright, more or less perpendicular to the ground or point of attachment. Compare patent (spreading). Erecto-patent, between erect and patent.
ericoid: with leaves like those of the European heaths (Erica), small and sharply pointed.
erose: with the margin irregular as though nibbled or worn away.
even-pinnate: having an even number of leaflets in a compound leaf, = paripinnate.
evergreen: not deciduous, having leaves all the year round.
ex: in nomenclature, indicating that the preceding author proposed the name but did not legitimately publish it, and that the succeeding author referred to the first author when legitimately publishing the name. See Author citation (botany).
exocarp: the outer layer of the pericarp, often the skin of fleshy fruits.
exotesta: the outer layer of the testa (seed coat). It is derived from the outer integument of the ovule.
exotic: not native; introduced from another region or country.
exserted: projected beyond, e.g. the stamens beyond the corolla tube.
exstipulate: without stipules.
extrastaminal: outside the stamens or androecium, usually referring to the location of a nectary disk.
extrorse: of anther locules, opening towards the outside of the flower; cf. introrse, latrorse.

F

F1 hybrid: a single cross; a plant breeding term for the result of a repeatable cross between two pure bred lines.
F2 hybrid: a plant breeding term for the result of a plant arising from a cross between two F1 hybrids; may also refer to self-pollination in a population of F1 hybrids.
fabiform: shaped like a kidney-bean.
facultative: of parasites, optional; compare obligate.
falcate: curved like the blade of a scythe.
family: a formal group of one or more genera with features and/or ancestry in common; the term for the principal rank between order and genus.
farinaceous: powderiness that is mealy
fascicle: (adjective fasciculate) cluster, e.g. a tuft of leaves all arising from the same node.
fasciculate: branching in a cluster like a bundle of sticks or needles, having fascicles.
faveolate: honeycombed. With regular, angled pits. Compare foveolate.
faucal: pertaining to the fauces; located in the throat of a calyx or corolla.
fauces: the throat of a calyx or corolla; the conspicuously widened portion between the mouth and the apex of the tube. In Boraginaceae, the site of distinctive appendages.
felted: covered with very dense, interlocked and matted hairs with the appearance or texture of felt or woollen cloth.
fenestrate: slitted or having open areas.
ferruginous: rust-colored.
fertile: capable of producing fruit; of flowers when they produce seed or of anthers containing pollen.
fertilization: union of male and female gametes.
fiber: 1. a fiber cell.; 2. any flexible, strong, stringy, and very elongate structure.
fiber cell: a type of cell that is found in sclerenchyma, it is much elongated and dies soon after an extensive modification of its cell wall. The cell wall is usually thickly lignified, but is sometimes gelatinous.
filament: 1. stalk of a stamen; 2. thread, one or a few cells thick.
filamentous: consisting of filaments or fibres, hairlike.
filiform: thread-like. See Leaf shapes.
fimbria: slender hair-like process (plural: fimbriae)
fimbriate: fringed.
fissure: a split or crack, often referring to fissured bark. also, a line or opening of dehiscence.
fistule: A tube-shaped cavity.
fistulose: Hollow, usually applied to a tube-shaped cavity as in a reed.
flabellate: fan-shaped.
flaccid: limp; tending to wilt; compare turgid.
flexuous (flexuose): bent alternately in different directions; zig-zag.
floccose: with a soft and woolly covering of hairs.
flora: 1. all the plants growing in a certain region or country.; 2. an enumeration of them, generally with a guide to their identification (e.g. the present volume, the Flora of Victoria, the Flora of New South Wales and so on). In this case 'flora' is written with a capital F.
floral envelope: See perianth.
floral leaves: the upper leaves at the base of the flowering branches.
floral diagram: graphical means to describe the flower structure, a schematic cross-section through a young flower.
floral formula: textual means to describe the flower structure using numbers, letters and various symbols.
floral tube: an imprecise term sometimes used as a synonym of hypanthium or of corolla tube or of calyx tube.
floret: literally a small flower, but usually refers to the individual true flowers clustered within an inflorescence, particularly in inflorescences of the daisy and grass families.
flower: the sexual reproductive structure of the Angiosperms, typically with a gynoecium, androecium, perianth and an axis.
foliicolous: growth habit of certain lichens, algae, and fungi that prefer to grow on the leaves of vascular plants.
follicle: a dry fruit formed from one carpel, splitting along a single suture, to which the seeds are attached; cf. pod (of legume).
foliole: a small leaf-like appendage on the front or back.; The foliose thallus of the lichen, Parmotrema tinctorum, is leafy.
foliose: leaflike, flattened like a leaf
forb: any non-woody flowering plant that is not a grass, sedge, or rush.
forest: vegetation dominated by trees with single trunks (including closely arranged trees with or without an understorey of shrubs and herbs).
forma (in common usage, form): a taxonomic category subordinate to species and within the taxonomic hierarchy, below variety (varietas), usually differentiated by a minor character.
foveolate: with regular tiny pits. Compare faveolate.
free: not united with others organs of the same type; not attached at one end.
free central: of placentation, ovules attached to a free-standing column in the centre of a unilocular ovary.
frond: a leaf of a fern, cycad or palm.
frutescent: shrub-like (fruticose) or becoming shrub-like; Letharia vulpina is a fruticose lichen
fruticose: shrubby, with the branching character of a shrub
fruit: seed-bearing structure in angiosperms formed from the ovary, and sometimes associated floral parts, after flowering.
fugacious: disappearing, falling off, or withering; compare persistent and caducous.
funicle (funiculus): the stalk of an ovule.
funnelform: with a form gradually widening from the base to apex; funnel-shaped.
furcate: forked, usually applied to a terminal division; with two long lobes.
fused: joined together.
fusiform: rod-shaped and narrowing gradually from the middle towards each end; spindle-shaped.

G

galbulus: (in gymnosperms) a fleshy cone (megastrobilus); chiefly relates to those borne by junipers and cypresses and often mistakenly called berries.
gamete: (in ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms) a cell or nucleus that fuses with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction.
gametophyte: the haploid multicellular phase in the alternation of generations of plants and algae that bears gametes. In bryophytes the gametophyte is the dominant vegetative phase; in ferns and their allies it is a small free-living plant known as the prothallus; in gymnosperms and angiosperms the gametophytes are reduced to microscopic structures dependent on the sporophyte, male gametophytes contained in pollen grains and females contained within the ovules.
gene pool: the range of genetic variation found in a population.
genus: (plural genera) a group of one or more species with features or ancestry (or both) in common. Genus is the principal category of taxa intermediate in rank between family and species in the nomenclatural hierarchy.
generic name: the name of a genus, for example Acacia, Eucalyptus.
genotype: the genetic make-up of an individual.
germination: 1. of seeds, describing the complex sequence of physiological and structural changes that occur from resting to growth stage.; 2. of a pollen grain; production of a pollen tube when contacting a stigma receptive to it.; 3. of a spore of fungi/bacterium; change of state – from resting to vegetative.
gibbous (gibbose): when part of an organ is swollen; usually with a pouch-like enlargement at base.
glabrescent: becoming glabrous, almost glabrous.
glabrous: without surface ornamentation such as hairs, scales or bristles; (in lichenology) having no indumentum.
gland: a secretory structure within or on the surface of a plant.
glandular hair: hairs tipped with a gland.
glaucous: with a whitish bloom, blue-green in colour; e.g. the surface of the young leaves of many eucalypts.
globose (globular): spherical. See also subglobose.
globulose: approximately spherical.
glochid: a barbed hair or bristle, e.g. the fine hairs in Opuntia.
glumes: bracts subtending the floret(s) of a spikelet (there are usually 2 but 1 is sometimes reduced; or rarely, both are absent).
glutinous: sticky.
graft: 1. of a plant, the artificial union of plant parts.; 2. a plant shoot suitable for grafting; loosely means a scion, #sucker or branch.
graft chimaera (sometimes graft hybrid): a taxon whose members consist of tissue from two or more different plants in intimate association originated by grafting. The addition sign "+" is used to indicate a graft-chimaera either as a part of a formula (e.g. Crataegus monogyna + Mespilus germanica), or in front of an abbreviated name (e.g. +Crataegomespilus 'Dardari'). The nomenclature of graft hybrids is governed by the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants.
granular: of a surface, covered with small rounded protuberances.
grass: a plant belonging to the family Poaceae.
grassland: low vegetation dominated by grasses.
groundcover: 1. of dense vegetation that covers the ground.; 2. a term applied to describe a plant that covers the soil surface so densely that it smothers all beneath it.
Group: 1. an assemblage of two or more cultivars within a species or hybrid.; 2. plants derived from a hybrid in which one or more of the parent species is not known or is of uncertain origin.; 3. a range of cultivated plants of a species or hybrid which may exhibit variation but share one or more characters, which makes it worth distinguishing them as a unit.
guard cell: each of the two cells that surround the stoma and control gas exchange between the apoplast of the plant and the external air.
guttate, guttatus: with droplet-shaped spots. Compare punctate, maculate.
guttation: the secretion of liquid water from uninjured plant parts. See hydathode.
guttulate: with or appearing to be spotted with oil droplets; (of spores) having oil droplets inside
gymnosperm: a seed-bearing plant with unenclosed ovules borne on the surface of a sporophyll; includes, among others, conifers, Ginkgo, Gnetum and cycads. From gymno = naked, exposed; compare angio = covered, enclosed.
gynobasic: of a style, arising near the base of the gynoecium, e.g. between the lobes of the ovary.
gynodioecious: of a species, with some plants bearing only bisexual flowers and others bearing only female flowers.
gynomonoecious: of a species, with bisexual flowers and female flowers on the same plant.
gynoecium: female parts of flower; the collective term for the carpels of a flower whether united or free; cf. pistil; androecium. Abbreviation: G. For instance G indicating superior ovary. G(5) indicates having 5 fused carpels.
gynophore: stalk supporting the gynoecium (above the level of insertion of the other floral parts).

H

habit: the general external appearance of a plant, including size, shape, texture and orientation.
habitat: the place where a plant lives; the environmental conditions of its home.
hafter: a flat attachment that forms when the thallus of a fruticose or foliose lichens comes in contact with a substrate, different from rhizines and hapters.
hair: a single elongated cell or row of cells borne on the surface of an organ.
half-inferior: of ovary, partly below and partly above the level of attachment of the other floral parts; compare inferior, superior.
halonate: having a transparent coating, or being of a spores outer layer.
halophyte: a plant adapted to living in highly saline habitats; a plant that accumulates high concentrations of salt in its tissues.
hand-pollination: the controlled act of pollination that excludes the possibility of open-pollination.
haploid: with one set of chromosomes, e.g. the complement of chromosomes in each of the cells of the gametophyte, the nucleus of a gamete and the spores. This is expressed symbolically as n, where n = the gamete number of chromosomes.
hapter: an attachment that may form when a foliose lichen thallus comes in contact with a substrate.
hastate: triangular in outline, the basal lobes pointing outwards, so that the base appears truncate; may refer only to the base of a leaf with such lobes; cf. sagittate which refers to basal lobes pointing backwards.
haustorium: in parasitic plants, a structure developed for penetrating the host's tissues.
head: see capitulum, a pseudanthium.
heathland: vegetation dominated by small shrubs which usually have ericoid leaves.
helicoid: coiled; of a cymose inflorescence, when the branching is repeatedly on the same side (the apex is often recurved); cf. scorpioid.
herb: a vascular plant that does not develop a woody stem; e.g. a violet.
herbaceous: not woody; usually green, and soft in texture.
herbarium: a collection of preserved, usually dried, plant material. Also a building in which such collections are stored.
hermaphrodite: see bisexual.
heteroblastic: having parts, especially leaves, that are distinctly different between the juvenile and adult stages.
heteromorphic: of 2 or more distinct morphologies (e.g. of different size and shape).
heterostyly: the condition of a species having flowers with different style and stamen lengths, but with all the flowers of any one plant being identical. see:distyly
hilum: the scar on a seed coat where it separates from its stalk (funicle).
hip: the fruit of a rose.
hippocrepiform: horseshoe-shaped.
hirsute: bearing coarse, rough, longish hairs. See Indumentum.
hispid: having long erect rigid hairs or bristles, harsh to touch.
hoary: covered with a greyish to whitish layer of very short, closely interwoven hairs, giving a frosted appearance.
holotype: a type chosen by the author of a name; cf. a lectotype, which is chosen by a later author.
homochlamydeous: perianth not divided into calyx and corolla. Compare to dichlamydeous, in which they are separate
hort.: as a name misapplied by gardeners; 2. as an invalid name derived from horticultural writings of confused authorship.; A hypocarpium forms below the fruits of Sassafras albidum
hyaline: translucent; usually delicately membranous and colourless.
hybrid: a plant produced by the crossing of parents belonging to two different named groups, e.g. genera, species, varieties, subspecies, forma and so on; i.e. the progeny resulting within and between two different plants. An F1 hybrid is the primary product of such a cross. An F2 hybrid is a plant arising from a cross between two F1 hybrids (or from the self-pollination of an F1 hybrid).
hybrid formula: the names of the parents of a hybrid joined by a multiplication sign, e.g. Cytisus ardonoi × C. purgans.
Hydrophily: a form of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by the flow of waters.
hypanthium: A tube or cup-like structure in a flower that includes the bases of sepals, petals, and stamens, and may or may not be connected (adnate) to the ovary.
hypocarpium: an enlarged fleshy structure that forms below the fruit, from the receptacle or hypanthium.
hypocotyl: of an embryo or seedling, the part of the plant axis below the cotyledon and node, but above the root. It marks the transition from root to stem development.
hypocrateriform: salverform.
hypogynous: borne below the ovary; used to describe floral parts inserted below the ovary's level of insertion; cf. epigynous, perigynous.
hypothallus: The hypothallus is the outgrowth of hyphae from under the margin of the thallus of a crustose lichens, connecting the island-like areoles into a single lichen.
hysteranthous: new leaves appear after flowering. See also proteranthous and synanthous

I

idioblast: a cell, especially of a leaf, differing markedly from surrounding cells. They often synthesise specialised products such as crystals.
illegitimate name (nomen illeg.): a name not abiding by the rules of the botanical Codes, e.g. later homonyms, cultivars that have been Latinised after 1 Jan 1959; cultivar names with more than 10 syllables or 30 letters; cultivar names that use confusing names of other plants, e.g. Camellia 'Rose'.
imbricate: overlapping each other; of perianth parts, edges overlapping in the bud (the convoluted arrangement is a special form of imbrication).
imparipinnate: a pinnate leaf with an odd number of pinnae (terminated by a single leaflet); compare paripinnate.
in: in nomenclature, where the preceding author published the name in an article or book, authored or edited by the succeeding author.
inbreeding: the production of offspring between closely related parents leading to a high degree of similarity; self-fertilization is the most intense form of inbreeding.
incertae sedis: of unknown taxonomic affinity, relationships obscure.
incised: cut deeply and (usually) unevenly (a condition intermediate between toothed and lobed).
included: enclosed, not protruding; for example stamens within the corolla.
incurved: bent or curved inwards; of leaf margins, when curved towards the adaxial side.
ined.: abbreviation of Latin inedita, an unpublished work. Used to indicate that a botanical name appeared only in a manuscript that was not published, so the name is invalid.
indefinite: variable in number; numerous; e.g. more than twice as many stamens as petals or sepals, or when an inflorescence is not terminated by a flower (and continues growing); cf. definite.
indehiscent: not opening in any definite manner at maturity; usually referring to fruit. Contrast with dehiscent.
indeterminate: unlimited, usually in growth.
indigenous: native to the area, not introduced, and not necessarily confined to the region discussed or present throughout it (hardly distinct from ‘native’ but usually applied to a smaller area). For example, the Cootamundra Wattle is native to Australia but indigenous to the Cootamundra region of southern New South Wales; cf. endemic.
indumentum: a collective term for a surface covering of any kind of trichomes, e.g. hairs, scales.; The leaves of Syagrus palms are induplicately folded, in contrast to many other palm genera with reduplicate leaves.
induplicate: folded upwards, or folded with the two adaxial surfaces together.
indusium: 1. a membrane covering the sporangia of some ferns.; 2. a cup enclosing the stigma in Goodeniaceae.
inferior: of an ovary, at least partly below the level of attachment of other floral parts; compare superior.
inflated: swollen, like a bladder.
inflexed: bent sharply upwards or forwards; compare deflexed.
inflorescence: several flowers closely grouped together to form an efficient structured unit; the grouping or arrangement of flowers on a plant.
infraspecific: denotes taxonomic ranks below species level, for example subspecies.
infructescence: the grouping or arrangement of fruits on a plant.
infundibular (infundibuliform): funnel-shaped, for example in the corolla of a flower.
inrolled: rolled inwards.
insectivorous: catching, and drawing nutriment from, insects.
insertion, point of: the point at which one organ or structure (such as a leaf) is joined to the structure which bears it (such as a stem).; Stamens of Calotropis gigantea are inserted at the base of the corolla.
inserted: growing out from
integument: in general, any covering, but especially the covering of an ovule.
intercalary: (of growth) occurring between the apex and the base of an organ
intercalary meristem: a meristem located between the apex and the base of an organ
interjugary glands: in pinnate leaves, glands occurring along the leaf rachis between the pinnae (occurring below the single, and often slightly larger, gland at or just below the insertion of the pinnae); cf. jugary.
internode: the portion of a stem between two nodes.
interpetiolar: of stipules, between the petioles of opposite leaves, e.g in Rubiaceae.
intramarginal: inside but close to the margin, for example a vein in a leaf.
intrastaminal: inside the stamens or androecium, usually referring to the location of a nectary disk.
introrse: of anther locules, with opening towards the centre of flower (at least in bud); cf. extrorse, #latrorse.
invalid: use of names not validly published according to the Code; i.e. they are not strictly 'names' in the sense of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.; Two of these three green Asteraceae involucres encase unopened flower heads, and the third support the open colorful head of emerging flowers. The rows of phyllaries in this, of Snake's head appear like keeled scales of a snake, giving the plant its common name.
involucre: A structure surrounding or supporting, usually a head of flowers. In Asteraceae, it is the group of phyllaries (bracts) surrounding the inflorescence before opening, then supporting the cup-like receptacle on which the head of flowers sits. In Euphorbiaceae it is the cuplike structure that holds the nectar glands, nectar, and head of flowers, and sits above the bract-like cyathophyll structure. Involucres occur in Marchantiophyta, Cycads, fungi, and many other groups.
involute: rolled inwards, for example when the margins of a leaf are rolled towards the adaxial (usually upper) surface; compare revolute.
iridescent: with a reflective coloured sheen produced by structural coloration, as in the speculum of the mirror orchid Ophrys speculum.
irregular: cannot be divided into two equal halves through any vertical plane. See also asymmetrical, compare zygomorphic, actinomorphic, regular.
isidium: A warty of club-like structure in some lichens that breaks off and forms new lichens without sexual reproduction. Isidia are dispersed by mechanical means, compared to soredia, which are dispersed by wind.
isobifacial: (of flat structures, especially leaves) with both surfaces similar, usually referring to cell types or to the number and distribution of stomata.
isomerous: Having an equal number of parts in the whorls.
isotomic: having branches of equal diameter, compare to anisotomic.

J

joint: a node or junction of two parts; articulation.
jugary: of glands, gland occurring on the rachis of a bipinnate leaf at the junction or attachment of pairs of pinnae or pinnules, as in some Acacia species; cf. interjugary.
juvenile leaves: formed on a young plant and different in form from the adult leaves.

K

K, K+, K-: In lichenology, "K" is the abbreviation for the outcome of a test in which a 10% solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH — hence "K") is placed on lichen tissues. Color change is noted by "K-" for none, and K+ for a yellow to red or purple color.
keel: (adj. keeled), a prominent longitudinal ridge like the keel of a boat, e.g. the structure of the corolla formed by the fusion of the lower edge of the two abaxial anterior petals of a flower in the Fabaceae.
kernel: see drupe.
key innovation: a novel phenotypic trait that allows subsequent evolutionary radiation and success of a taxonomic group.
kingdom: the highest generally employed category of the taxonomic hierarchy, above that of division (phylum). The Plant Kingdom includes vascular plants, bryophytes and green algae and is also known as the clade Viridiplantae.

L

labellum: lip; one of three or five petals which is (usually) different from the others, e.g. in Orchidaceae and Stylidiaceae.
labiate: lipped; where a corolla is divided into two parts, called an upper and lower lip, the two resembling an open mouth with lips.
lacerate: jagged, as if torn.
lacinia: In foliose lichens, a linear to elongate lobe, usually arising from or at the end of a larger lobe
laciniate: Of lobes - with ends irregularly divided into deeply divided, narrow, pointed segments; Of margins - deeply divided into pointed segments in an irregular manner.
lacuna: An empty space, hole, cavity, pit, depression, or discontinuity.
lamella: a thin, plate-like layer. (plural lamellae; adjective lamellate - composed of an assemblage of many layers)
lamina: the blade of a leaf or the expanded upper part of a petal, sepal or bract.
laminal: of, or pertaining to, the upper surface, such as the cortex of a lichen.
lanceolate: longer than broad, narrowly ovate, broadest in the lower half and tapering to the tip, like a lance or spear head; (sometimes, and incorrectly, used to mean narrowly elliptic).
lateral: attached to the side of an organ, e.g. leaves on a stem.
latex: a milky fluid that exudes from such plants such as spurges, figs and dandelions.
laticiferous: latex-bearing, producing a milky juice.
latrorse: a type of anther dehiscence in which the anthers open laterally toward adjacent anthers. cf. introrse, extrorse.
lauroid: resembling Laurus, the laurel genus, particularly its leaves.
lax: loose, not compact. Of bundles of hyphae in lichens - not stiff and not adglutinate.
leaf: an outgrowth of a stem, usually flat and green; its main function is food manufacture by photosynthesis. Abbreviation: lvs.
leaf gap: a parenchymatous area in the stele above (distal to) a leaf trace.
leaf scar: a healing layer forming on the stem where the leaf has fallen off.
leaf trace: a vascular bundle connecting the stele to a leaf.
leaflets: the ultimate segments of a compound leaf.; These lecanorine apothecia of the lichen Lecanora muralis have scrunched rims of tissue similar to the tissue of the main thallus body.
lecanorine: of lichens, having apothecia with rims of tissue similar to the tissue of the thallus, as in the genus Lecanora^[3]
legume: 1. a fruit characteristic of the family Fabaceae, formed from one carpel and either dehiscent along both sides, or indehiscent.; 2. a crop species in the family Fabaceae.; 3. a plant belonging to the Fabaceae family).
lemma: the lower of 2 bracts enclosing a grass flower.; The dark horizontal lines on Silver birch bark are lenticels
lenticel: Typically lens-shaped (lenticular) porous tissue in bark with large intercellular spaces that allows direct exchange of gases between the internal tissues and atmosphere through the bark.
lenticular: lens-shaped.
lepidote: covered with small scales.
leprose: powdery
liana: a woody climbing plant, rooted in the ground (liane is also used).
liane: a woody climbing plant, rooted in the ground. See also liana.
lichenicolous: growing on or in lichens, often but not necessarily as parasites
ligneous: woody
lignum: Dead wood, typically in the context of a substrate for lichens.
lignicolous: Growing on wood tissue after bark as fallen or been stripped off (compare to corticolous)
lignotuber: a woody swelling of the stem below or just above the ground; contains adventitious buds from which new shoots can develop, e.g. after fire.
ligulate: 1. bearing a ligule.; 2. strap-shaped.
ligule: 1. small membranous appendage on the top of the sheath of grass leaves.; 2. a minute adaxial appendage near the base of a leaf, e.g. in Selaginella.; 3. extended, strap-like corolla of some daisy florets.
linea, line, British line, Paris line: various pre-metric units somewhat larger than 2 mm, used in botany into the 20th century. See Line (unit) and Paris line.
linear: very narrow in relation to its length, with the sides mostly parallel. See Leaf shape.
lithophytic: a plant growing on rocks; an epilithic plant.
lobe: part of a leaf (or other organ), often rounded, formed by incisions to about halfway to the midrib.
loculicidal: of a fruit, when it dehisces through the centres of loculi; cf. septicidal.
locule: a chamber or cavity containing seeds within an ovary, pollen within an anther or spores in a sporangium.
lomentum: a pod-like indehiscent fruit that develops constrictions between the segments and at maturity breaks into one-seeded segments.
longicidal: (anthers) opening lengthwise by longitudinal slits. compare: poricidal
lunate: crescent-shaped.
lyrate: lyre-shaped; deeply lobed, with a large terminal lobe and smaller lateral ones.

M

maculate: spotted, marked with spots.
Malesia: a biogeographic region comprising Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, and the Philippines.
mallee: growth habit in which several woody stems arise separately from a lignotuber; a plant with such a growth habit, e.g. many Eucalyptus species; vegetation characterized by such plants.
mangrove: a shrub or small tree growing in salt or brackish water, usually characterized by pneumatophores. Tropical coastal vegetation characterized by such species.
margin: the edge, as in the edge of a leaf blade.
marginal: occurring at or very close to the margin.
marsh: a waterlogged area; swamp.
mast: edible fruit and nuts produced by woody species of plants, i.e. acorns and beechmast, that wildlife species and some domestic animals consume.
mealy: covered with coarse, floury powder.
medulla: 1. In a lichen, the typically undifferentiated tissue underneath the cortex of the thallus, or between the upper and lower cortex if both are present. The medulla is analogous to the tissues underneath the epidermis (skin) of a leaf. The uppermost region commonly contains most of the photobionts.; 2. pith. See also medullary rays in wood.
megaspore: the larger of two kinds of spores produced by a heterosporous plant giving rise to the female gametophyte; compare microspore.
megastrobilus: the larger of two kinds of cones or strobili produced by gymnosperms, being female and producing the seeds; compare microstrobilus.
membranous: thin, translucent and flexible, seldom green.
mericarp: one segment of a fruit (a schizocarp) that splits at maturity into units derived from the individual carpels, or a carpel, usually 1-seeded, released by the break-up at maturity of a fruit formed from 2 or more joined carpels.
meristem: an actively dividing tissue.
mesic: moist, avoiding both extremes of drought and wet; pertaining to conditions of moderate moisture or water supply; applied to organisms (vegetation) occupying moist habitats.
mesocarp: the fleshy portion of the wall of a succulent fruit inside the skin and outside the stony layer (if any), surrounding the seed(s); sarcocarp.
mesomorphic: soft and with little fibrous tissue, but not succulent.
mesophyll: 1. mesophyll tissue, photosynthetic tissue of a leaf, the central tissues between the upper and lower epidermis.; 2. in ecology, the blade of a leaf or leaflet that has a surface area 4500–18225 mm²; A plant, or vegetation, that has mesophyll (sized) leaves.
mesophyllous: (of vegetation) of moist habitats and having mostly large and soft leaves.
mesophyte: a plant thriving under intermediate environmental conditions of moderate moisture and temperature, without major seasonal fluctuations.
microspore: the smaller of two kinds of spores produced by a heterosporous plant; compare megaspore.
microstrobilus: the smaller of two kinds of cones or strobili produced by gymnosperms, being male and producing the pollen; compare megastrobilus.
midrib: the central, and usually most prominent, vein of a leaf or leaf-like organ; midvein.
midvein: see midrib.
monad: a single individual that is free from other individuals, not united with them into a group. The term is usually used for pollen to distinguish single grains from tetrads or polyads.
moniliform: resembling a string of beads.
monocarpic: flowering and setting seed only once before dying. See also semelparous, semelparity
monochasium: a cymose inflorescence with the branches arising singly; cf. dichasium.
monocots: abbreviation of monocotyledons.
monocotyledon: a flowering plant whose embryo has one cotyledon (seed leaf); compare dicotyledon.
monoecious: of vascular plants, hermaphrodite, with all flowers bisexual; or with male and female reproductive structures in separate flowers but on the same plant; or of an inflorescence that has unisexual flowers of both sexes; cf. dioecious.
monoicous: of bryophyte gametophytes, hermaphrodite, bisexual, when both male and female reproductive structures develop on the same individual. cf. dioicous.
monograph: of a group of plants, a comprehensive treatise presenting an analysis and synthesis of taxonomic knowledge of that taxon; the fullest account possible (at the time) of a family, tribe or genus. It is generally worldwide in scope and evaluates all taxonomic treatments of that taxon including studies of its evolutionary relationships with other related taxa, and cytological, genetic, morphological, palaeobotanical and ecological studies. The term is often incorrectly applied to any systematic work devoted to a single taxon. Compare revision.
monomorphic: of one type, rather than several. See also dimorphic (two types) and polymorphic (many types)
monophyllous: Having a single leaf.
monopodial: a mode of stem growth and branching in which the main axis is formed by a single dominant meristem.
monostromatic: Being a single cell thick, as in the alga Monostroma.
monotypic: containing only one taxon of the next lower rank, e.g. a family with only one genus, or a genus that includes only a single species.
morphology: the shape or form of an organism or part thereof.
mucro: Diminutive: mucronule. A sharp, short point, generally at the tip of a leaf or the tip of the midrib of a compound leaf.^[4]
mucronate: terminating in a mucro.
multiple fruit: a cluster of fruits produced from more than one flower and appearing as a single fruit, often on a swollen axis, as in Moraceae; cf. aggregate fruit.
muricate: covered with short hard protuberances.
mutation: an abrupt and inexplicable variation from the norm, such as the doubleness in flowers, changes in colour, or habit of growth.
mycobiont: The fungal component of a lichen (compare to photobiont.
mycelium: The "vegetative" (nonreproductive) part of a fungus, mostly composed of aggregations of hyphae. It functions in substrate decomposition and absorption of nutrients.
mycobiont: The fungal component of a lichen (compare to photobiont.
mycorrhiza: one of several types of symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant.
mycotroph: a plant that obtains most or all of its carbon, water and nutrients by associating with a fungus.

N

native: naturally occurring in an area, but not necessarily confined to it; cf. endemic.
natural hybrid: a hybrid taxon produced by chance in the wild.
naturalised: describing a plant, introduced from another region, that grows and reproduces readily in competition with the natural flora.
nectar: a (usually sweet) fluid produced by the flowers of many plants, collected by bees and other insects.
nectary: (adjective nectariferous) a specialized gland that secretes nectar.
neophyte: a plant that was recently introduced to a geographic area; cf. archaeophyte.
nerve: see vein.
node: the part of a stem where leaves or branches arise.
nomen conservandum: (Latin) a conserved name, usually a name that became so much better known than the correct name, that a substitution was made.
nomen illegitimum: (Latin), a name that is either superfluous at its time of publication because the taxon to which it was applied already has a name, or the name has already been applied to another plant (a homonym).
nomen invalidum: (Latin, see valid publication) a name that is not validly published, and technically is therefore not a botanical name. (Abbreviation: nom. inval.)
nomen nudum: (Latin) a name not published in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, usually without a diagnosis or description of the entity to which it applies, and without reference to either; such a name should not be used.
nomenclature: the naming of things; often restricted to the correct use of scientific names in taxonomy; a system that sets out provisions for the formation and use of names.
noxious: of plants, containing harmful or unwholesome qualities. Applied in conjunction with 'weed' to specifically describe a plant which legislation deems harmful to the environment. Each state and territory in Australia has specific legislation governing noxious weeds.
nucellus: the tissue of the ovule of a seed plant that surrounds the female gametophyte. It is enclosed by integuments and is not of epidermal origin.
numerous: Stamens are described as numerous when there are more than twice as many as sepals or petals, especially when there is no set number of them.
nut: a hard, dry, indehiscent fruit, containing only one seed.
nutlet: a small nut, one of the lobes or sections of the mature ovary of some members of the Boraginaceae, Verbenaceae, and Lamiaceae.

O

ob-: inversely; usually same shape as suffix but attached by the narrower end, for example obcordate, oblanceolate, obovate.
obconic: of a fruit, hypanthium, pistil or calyx structure; an inverted cone shape, attached at apex.
obcordate: of a leaf blade, broad and notched at the tip; heart shaped but attached at the pointed end.
obdiplostemonous: stamens arranged in two whorls, and having twice as many as the petals, the outer whorl being opposite the petals. Compare: diplostemonous.
oblanceolate: a 2-dimensional shape, lanceolate but broadest in the upper third.
obligate: of parasites, unable to survive without the host; compare faculative.
oblique: slanting; of a leaf or stem, larger on one side of the midrib than the other, in other words asymmetrical.
oblong: length a few times greater than width, with sides almost parallel and ends rounded.
obovate: of a leaf, a 2-dimensional shape of which the length is about 1.5 times the width, and widest above the centre.
obsolete: not evident, or at most rudimentary or vestigial.
obtuse: blunt or rounded; converging edges making an angle of more than 90°; compare acute. See Leaf shape.
ocrea (ochrea): a sheath, formed from two stipules, encircling the node in Polygonaceae.
odd-pinnate: (imparipinnate) having an odd number of leaflets in a compound leaf.
oft.: often. Compare usu. and s.t.
olim: formerly, e.g., "olim B", formerly in the Berlin herbarium (Herbarium Berolinense).
ontogeny: the sequence of developmental stages through which an organism passes.
opera utique oppressa (plural), and opus utique oppressum (singular): listed after the botanical name of a plant, or the name of a publication, this indicates that a publication is listed in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants as a suppressed work. Botanical names of the specified rank in the publication are considered not validly published (article 34).
operculum (calyptra): a lid or cover that becomes detached at maturity, e.g. in Eucalyptus, a cap covering the bud and formed by the fusion or cohesion of perianth parts.
opposite: (as adjective) leaves or flowers borne at the same level but on opposite sides of the axis; or (as verb) when something occurs on the same radius as something else, for example anthers opposite sepals; compare alternate.
orbicular: flat and more or less circular.
order: a group of one or more families sharing common features, ancestry, or both.
ortet: the original single parent plant from which a clone ultimately derives.
orthotropous: when an ovule is erect, with the micropyle directed away from the placenta; atropous; cf. amphitropous, anatropous, campylotropous.
oval: see elliptical.
ovary: the basal portion of a carpel or group of fused carpels, enclosing the ovule(s).
ovate: shaped like a section through the long-axis of an egg and attached by the wider end.
ovoid: egg-shaped, with wider portion at base; 3-dimensional object, ovate in all sections through long-axis.
ovule: loosely, the seed before fertilization; a structure in a seed plant within which one or more megaspores are formed (after fertilization it develops into a seed).

P

pachycaul: with a disproportionately thick trunk; This Senecio articulatus is pachycladous because of its disproportionately thick stem.
pachycladous: with disproportionately thick stems
palea: 1. the upper of 2 bracts enclosing a grass flower, major contributors to chaff in harvested grain.; 2. Chaffy scales on the receptacles of many Asteraceae.; 3. Chaffy scales on the stipe of many ferns.
paleate: bearing paleae or chaffy scales, as in description of the receptacle of a capitulum of a plant in the Asteraceae.
paleaceous: Chaff-like in texture.; A maple (Acer platanoides leaf is palmate because the veins radiate out from a central point, like fingers from the palm of a hand.
palmate: 1. leaf with veins radiating out from a central point (usually at the top of a petiole), resembling spread out fingers pointing away from the palm.; 2. A compound palmate leaf has leaflets that radiate from a central point (usually at the top of a petiole).
palmatifid: deeply divided into several lobes arising from more or less the same level.
palmatisect: intermediate between palmate and palmatifid, i.e. the segments are not fully separated at the base; often more or less digitate.
panicle: (adjective paniculate) a compound raceme; an indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on branches of the main axis or on further branches of these.
papilionate: butterfly-like; with a corolla like that of a pea.
papilla: (plural papillae, adjective papillose, papillate) a small, elongated protuberance on the surface of an organ, usually an extension of one epidermal cell.
pappus: in daisy florets, a tuft or ring of hairs or scales borne above the ovary and outside the corolla (representing the reduced calyx); a tuft of hairs on a fruit.
paraperigonium: Also paraperigone. Anomalous secondary outgrowth of the perianthal meristem with ramifying vasculature. See also perigonium, perianth and corona; ^[5]
parasite: an organism living on or in a different organism, from which it derives nourishment; compare saprophyte, epiphyte.
parenchyma: a versatile ground tissue composed of living primary cells that performs a wide variety of structural and biochemical functions in plants.
parietal: attached to the marginal walls of a structure, for example ovules attached to placentas on the wall of the ovary. See Placentation.
paripinnate: having an even number of leaflets (or pinnae), that is terminated by a pair of pinnae as opposed to a single pinna; compare imparipinnate.
parthenocarpy: the development or production of fruit without fertilization. compare stenospermocarpy.
patent: Spreading, erect, standing at 90^o to the axis. See also erecto-patent, patulous.
patulous: patent.
pauciflor: having few flowers per inflorescence. See also pluriflor.
pectinate: pinnately divided with narrow segments closely set like the teeth of a comb.
pedate: with a terminal lobe or leaflet, and on either side of it an axis curving outwards and backwards, bearing lobe or leaflets on the outer side of the curve.
pedicel: (adjective pedicellate) the stalk of a flower. May be applied to the stalk of a capitulum in Asteraceae
peduncle: (adjective pedunculate) the stalk of an inflorescence.
peltate: shield-like; with stalk attached to the lower surface and not to the margin.
pellucid: transmitting light; for example, said of tiny gland dots in the leaves of e.g. Myrtaceae and Rutaceae that are visible when held in front of a light.
pendulous: hanging, for example an ovule attached to a placenta on the top of the ovary; compare suspended.
penicillate: tufted like an artist's brush; with long hairs towards one end.
penninervation (penninerved): with pinnately arranged veins.
pentamerous: in five parts, particularly with respect to flowers, five parts in each whorl. See also trimerous and tetramerous.
pepo: type of berry formed from an inferior ovary and containing many seeds, usually large with a tough outer skin, for instance, pumpkin, cucumber.
perennating: of an organ that survives vegetatively from season to season. A period of reduced activity between seasons is usual.
perennial: a plant whose life span extends over several years.
perfect: of a flower, when bisexual.
perfoliate: with its base wrapped around the stem (so that the stem appears to pass through it), e.g. of leaves and bracts.
perforate: with many holes. Used to describe the texture of pollen exine, and also to indicate that tracheary elements have a perforation plate.
perforation plate: in a tracheary element, part of the cell wall that is perforated; present in vessel members but not in tracheids. Should not be confused with a pit.
perianth: the collective terms for the calyx and corolla of a flower (generally used when the two are similar). Abbreviation: P. For instance P 3+3 indicates the calyx and corolla each have 3 elements, or 3 sepals + 3 petals
pericarp: the wall of a fruit, developed from the ovary wall.
periclinal: Curved along parallel to a surface, cf. anticlinal.; The perigonium of a moss (red in this case), also called a spash-cup, surrounds the antheridia and aids in dispersal of sperm
perigonium: in flowering plants see perianth; 2. in mosses, the leaves surrounding the antheridia, also called a spash-cup, e.g. in Polytrichum juniperinum.
perigynous: borne around the ovary, i.e. of perianth segments and stamens arising from a cup-like or tubular extension of receptacle (free from the ovary but extending above its base); cf. epigynous, hypogynous.
persistent: remaining attached to the plant beyond the usual time of falling, for instance sepals not falling after flowering, flower parts remaining through maturity of fruit; compare deciduous, caducous.
perule (lat. perula, perulae): 1. the scales covering a leaf or flower bud, or a reduced scale like leaf surrounding the bud. Buds lacking perulae are referred to as 'naked'; 2. in Camellias the final bracts and sepals become indistinguishable and are called perules.; 3. a kind of sac formed by the adherent bases of the two lateral sepals in certain orchids.
petal: in a flower, one of the segments or divisions of the inner whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs, usually soft and conspicuously coloured; compare sepal.
petaloid: like a petal; soft in texture and coloured conspicuously.
petiolate: a leaf with a petiole. Compare sessile.
petiole: the stalk of a leaf.
petiolule: the stalk of a leaflet.
petricolous: Rock-dwelling; living on or among rocks.
phanerogam: gymnosperms and angiosperms; plants producing stamens and gynoecia; literally plants with conspicuous sexual reproductive organs; cf. cryptogams.
phenology: the study of the timing of seasonal biological phenomena, such as flowering, leaf emergence, fruit ripening and leaf fall.
phloem: a specialised conducting tissue in vascular plants that transports sucrose from the leaves to other plant organs.
photobiont: In a lichen, the component that does the photosynthesis, the green algae (Chlorophyta) or blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria). (compare to mycobiont, the fungal component.) Also called the phycobiont.
photosynthesis: the process by which sugars are made from carbon dioxide and water in cells containing chloroplasts.
phycobiont: In a lichen, a synonym for photobiont
phyllode: (adjective phyllodineous) a leaf with the blade much reduced or absent, and in which the petiole and or rachis perform the functions of the whole leaf; e.g. many acacias; cf. cladode.
phyllopodium: (in ferns) a short outgrowth of the stem on which the frond is borne and that remains attached to the rhizome after the frond has been shed.
phyllosphere: the above-ground surface of plants as a habitat for epiphytic microorganisms.
phytomelan: also phytomelanin. A black, inert, organic material that forms a crust-like covering of some seeds, commonly found in Asparagales, Asteraceae, etc. Adjective=phytomelanous
pilose: covered with soft, weak, thin and clearly separated hairs, which are usually defined as long and sometimes ascending.
pinna: (plural pinnae) a primary segment of a compound leaf.
pinnate: a compound leaf with leaflets arranged on each side of a common petiole or axis; also applied to how the lateral veins are arranged in relation to the main vein.
pinnatifid: pinnately lobed.
pinnatisect: pinnately divided almost to midrib but segments still confluent.
pinnule: ultimate free division (or leaflet) of a compound leaf, or a pinnate subdivision of a multipinnate leaf.
pistil: 1. a single carpel when the carpels are free.; 2. a group of carpels when the carpels are united by the fusion of their walls.; Tracheid of oak shows pits along the cell walls.
pit: in tracheary elements, a section of the cell wall where the secondary wall is missing, and the primary wall is present. Pits generally occur in pairs and link two cells.
pith: the central region of a stem, inside the vascular cylinder; the spongy parenchymatous central tissue in some stems and roots.
placenta: the tissue within an ovary to which the ovules are attached.
placentation: the arrangement of ovules inside ovary; for example axile, free-central, parietal, marginal, basal, or apical.; This crustose lichen, Caloplaca thallincola, is placodioid because of the radiating arms in its growth pattern.
placodioid: The form of a lichen thalus which radiates outward with the ends of the radiating arms peeling up from the substrate, but which lack a cortex on the underside (unlike foliose lichens).
Plant Breeders Rights (PBR): these rights, governed by Plant Breeder's Rights Acts give the plant breeder legal protection over the propagation of a cultivar, and the exclusive rights to produce and to sell it, including the right to license others to produce and sell plants and reproductive material of a registered, deliberately bred variety. Cf. UPOV.
Plant Variety Rights (PVR): governed by the Plant Variety Rights the registration of new varieties is now governed by Plant Breeders Rights.
Plastochron: the time between successive leaf initiation events.; The corolla of Datura discolor is plicate.
plicate: pleated; folded back and forth longitudinally like a fan, such as the leaves of many palm species. (The concept often appears in specific names in forms such as Aloe plicatilis and Acacia plicata. Commonly such names are not correctly appropriate, but are applied to distichous structures rather than plicate.
-plinerved: (of leaves) a suffix indicating that the main nerves are lateral and arise from a point distinctly above the base of the leaf. Combined with a numerical prefix to form words like 3-plinerved, 5-plinerved, and so on. Such leaves are especially characteristic of the family Melastomataceae.
plumose: like a feather; with fine hairs branching from a main axis.
plumule: the part of an embryo that gives rise to the shoot system of a plant; cf. radicle.
pluriflor: having many flowers per inflorescence. See also pauciflor.
pluriovulate: having many ovules as in placentae, carpels or ovaries.
pneumatophore: a vertical, aerial (at low tide) appendage to the roots of some plants, through which gases are exchanged; e.g. on mangroves.
pod: 1. a legume, the fruit of a leguminous plant, a dry fruit of a single carpel, splitting along two sutures.; 2. siliqua and silicula, the fruit of Brassicaceae, a dry fruit composed of two carpels separated by a partition.
pollen: powdery mass shed from anthers (of angiosperms) or microsporangia (of gymnosperms); the microspores of seed plants; pollen-grains.
pollen-mass: pollen-grains cohering by a waxy texture or fine threads into a single body; pollinium; e.g. in orchids.
pollen transmitting tissue: the tissue in the style of a flower through which the pollen tubes grow.
pollination: the transfer of pollen from the male organ (anther) to the receptive region of a female organ (stigma).
pollinium: see pollen-mass.
polygamodioecious: having bisexual and male flowers on some plants and bisexual and female flowers on others; cf. androdioecious, andromonoecious, dioecious, monoecious, polygamomonoecious, polygamous.
polygamomonoecious: having male, female and bisexual flowers on the same plant; cf. androdioecious, andromonoecious, polygamodioecious, polygamous.
polygamous: having bisexual and unisexual flowers on the same plant.
polymorphic: of several different kinds (in respect to shape and/or size), hence polymorphism. See also monomorphic (a single type) and dimorphic (two types)
polyploid: with more than two of the basic sets of chromosomes in the nucleus; any sporophyte with cells containing three or more complete sets of chromosomes. Various combinations of words or numbers with '-ploid' indicate the number of haploid sets of chromosomes; e.g. triploid = 3 sets, tetraploid = 4 sets, pentaploid = 5 sets, hexaploid = 6 sets, and so on.
polystemonous: having numerous stamens; the number of stamens being at least twice the number of sepals or petals, but not strictly three or four times that number.
pome: a fruit that has developed partly from the ovary wall but mostly from the hypanthium, e.g., apple.
population: 1. all individuals of one or more species within a prescribed area.; 2. a group of organisms of one species, occupying a defined area and usually isolated to some degree from other similar groups.; 3. in statistics, the whole group of items or individuals under investigation.
poricidal: opening by pores, like the capsule of a poppy, or like the anthers in several families of plants. compare: longicidal
posterior: positioned behind, towards the rear, proximal; compare anterior, distal.
prickle: (adjective: prickly) hard, pointed outgrowth from the surface of a plant (involving several layers of cells but not containing a vein); sharp outgrowth from the bark, detachable without tearing wood; cf. thorn.
primary species: In lichens, a species reproducing mainly by sexual reproduction, not vegetative reproduction.
primary vein: (venation) the single vein or array of veins that are conspicuously larger than any others in the leaf. In pinnate venation, the single primary vein is in the middle of the leaf. In palmate venation, several such veins radiate from a point at or near the base of the leaf.
propagule: In lichens, a part of the thallus that has both fungal and algal parts and can break off for vegetative reproduction, e.g., an isidium, phyllidium, phyllocladium, or soredium).
prophyll: a leaf formed at the base of a shoot, usually smaller than those formed later.
pro parte: (Latin) in part; in nomenclature, to denote that the preceding taxon includes more than one currently recognized entity, and that only one of those entities is being considered.
procumbent: spreading along the ground but not rooting at the nodes: not as close to ground as prostrate.
propagules: a structure capable of producing a new plant; includes seeds, spores, bulbils, etc.
prostrate: lying flat on the ground.
protandrous: male sex organs maturing before the female ones, e.g. a flower shedding pollen before the stigma is receptive; cf. protogynous.
proteranthous: new leaves appear before flowers. See also hysteranthous and synanthous
prothallus: a #gametophyte plant, usually flattened and delicate; e.g. in ferns and fern allies.
protogynous: female sex organs maturing before the male ones, e.g. a flower shedding pollen after the stigma has ceased to be receptive; cf. protandrous.
proximal: near the point of origin or attachment, cf. distal.
pruinose: covered with a powdery, waxy material; with a bloom.
pseudanthium: a particular form of inflorescence occurring in the Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae, in which multiple flowers are grouped together to form a flower-like structure, commonly called a head or capitulum.
pseudo: false; not genuine; e.g. pseudo-bulb = a thickened, bulb-like internode in orchids, or a corm.
pseudostipule: an enlarged, persistent axillary bud scale that resembles a stipule; common in Bignoniaceae.
pseudoverticillate: having the appearance of being whorled (verticillate), without actually being so.
puberulous (puberulent): covered with minute soft erect hairs.
pubescent: downy; covered with short, soft, erect hairs.
pulverulent: having powdery or crumbly particles as if pulverized.
pulvinate: with a pulvinus
pulvinus: a swelling at either end of a petiole of a leaf or petiolule of a leaflet, e.g. in Fabaceae, that permits leaf movement.
punctate: marked with dots.
punctiform: dot-like
pungent: having a sharp hard point.
pustule: A blister-like swelling.
pustulate: Having pustules.
pyramidal: of a plant's form, tetrahedral, pyramid-shaped.
pyrene: the stone of a drupe, consisting of the seed surrounded by the hardened endocarp.
pyriform: pear-shaped; a term for solid shapes that are broadest in the upper third and abruptly narrowed near the base.

Q

quadrate: more or less square.

R

raceme: (adjective racemose) an indeterminate inflorescence in which the main axis produces a series of flowers on lateral stalks, the oldest at the base and the youngest at the top; cf. spike.
rachilla (rhachilla): the axis of a grass spikelet, above the glumes.
rachis: (plural rachises; rachides) the axis of an inflorescence or a pinnate leaf; for example ferns; secondary rachis is the axis of a pinna in a bipinnate leaf distal to and including the lowermost pedicel attachment.
radial: with structures radiating from a central point as spokes on a wheel, for example, the lateral spines of a cactus.
radiate: of daisies, of a capitulum, with ray florets surrounding disc florets.
radical: springing from the root; clustered at base of stem.
radicle: the part of an embryo giving rise to the root system of a plant; cf. plumule.
rainforest: a moist temperate or tropical forest dominated by broad-leaved trees that form a continuous canopy.
ramet: an individual member of a clone.
ray: 1. zygomorphic (ligulate) flowers in a radiate flowerhead, that is, ray-florets/flowers, for example Asteraceae.; 2. each of the branches of an umbel.
receptacle: the axis of a flower, in other words, floral axis; torus; for example in Asteraceae, the floral base or receptacle is the expanded tip of the peduncle on which the flowers are inserted.
recurved: bent or curved backwards or downwards.
reduplicate: folded outwards, or with the two abaxial surfaces together.
reflexed: bent sharply back or down.
registered name: a cultivar name accepted by the relevant International Cultivar Registration Authority.
registration: 1. the act of recording a new cultivar name with an International Cultivar Registration Authority.; 2. recording a new cultivar name with a statutory authority like the Plant Breeder’s Rights Office.; 3. recording a trademark with a trade marks office.
regular: see actinomorphic.
reniform: kidney-shaped.
resupinate: In botany, having an inverted position; in lichenology referring to either having or being a fruiting body that lays flat on the substrate, with the hymenium either over the whole surface or at the periphery.
reticulate: forming a network (or reticulum), e.g. veins that join one another at more than one point.
retrorse: bent backwards or downwards; cf. antrorse.
retuse: with a blunt (obtuse) and slightly notched apex.
revision: an account of a particular plant group, like an abbreviated or simplified monograph. Sometimes confined to the plants of a particular region. Similar to a monograph in clearly distinguishing the taxa and providing a means for their identification; compare monograph.
revolute: rolled under (downwards or backwards), for example when the edges of leaves are rolled under towards the midrib; compare involute.
rhachis: see rachis.
rhizine: The "root" or "trunk" projection of a foliose lichen that attaches the lichen to the substrate (what the lichen is growing on)
rhizodermis: the root epidermis, the outermost primary cell layer of the root
rhizome: a perennial underground stem usually growing horizontally. See also stolon. Abbreviation: rhiz.
rhizosphere: the below-ground surface of plants and adjacent soil as a habitat for microorganisms.
rhombic: like a rhombus: an oblique figure with four equal sides; compare trapeziform, trullate.
rhomboid: a four-sided figure with opposite sides parallel but with adjacent sides an unequal length (like an oblique rectangle); see also rhombic.
rhomboidal: a shape, for instance of a leaf, that is roughly diamond-shaped with length equal to width.
rimose: with many cracks, as in the surface of a crustose areolate lichen.
root: a unit of a plant's axial system which is usually underground, does not bear leaves, tends to grow downwards, and is typically derived from the radicle of the embryo.
root hairs: outgrowths of the outermost layer of cells just behind the root tips, functioning as water-absorbing organs.
root microbiome: the dynamic community of microorganisms associated with plant roots.
rootstock: 1. the part of a budded or grafted plant which supplies the root system, also simply called a stock.; 2. plants selected to produce a root system with some specific attribute, e.g. a virus-free rootstock.
rosette: when parts are not whorled or opposite but appear so, due to the contractions of internodes, e.g. the petals in a double rose or a basal cluster of leaves (usually close to the ground) in some plants.
rostrate: with a beak.
rotate: circular and flattened; for example a corolla with a very short tube and spreading lobes (for instance some Solanaceae).
ruderal: a plant that colonises or occupies disturbed waste ground. See also weed.; The runcinate lobes of a Taraxacum officinale leaf point downwards
rudimentary: poorly developed and not functional; compare vestigial.
rugose: wrinkled.
rugulose: finely wrinkled.
ruminate: (usually applied to endosperm). irregularly grooved or ridged; appearing chewed. (a common type of endosperm in Myristicaceae).
runcinate: sharply pinnatifid or cleft, the segments directed downward.
runners: see stolon.
rupicolous: rupestral, saxicolous, growing on or among rocks. (compare epilithic, lithophytic)
rush: a plant belonging to the family Juncaceae or, more loosely, applied to various monocotyledons.

S

saccate: pouched or shaped like a sack.
sagittate: shaped like the head of an arrow; narrow and pointed but gradually enlarged at base into two straight lobes directed downwards; may refer only to the base of a leaf with such lobes; cf. hastate.
salverform: trumpet-shaped; with a long, slender tube and a flat, abruptly expanded limb.
samara: a dry, indehiscent fruit with its wall expanded into a wing, e.g. in the genus Acer.
samphire: a common name given to various edible coastal plants, such as Salicornia spp. (Amaranthaceae), Crithmum maritimum (Apiaceae) and Limbarda crithmoides (Asteraceae).
saprophyte: (adjective saprophytic) an organism deriving its nourishment from decaying organic matter and usually lacking chlorophyll; compare parasite, epiphyte.
sarmentose: having long, slender, prostrate stolons (runners).; This Caloplaca marina lichen is saxicolous because it grows on stone.
saxicolous: growing on stone, like some lichens.
scabrid (scabrous): rough to the touch with short hard emergences or hairs.
scalariform: ladderlike in structure or appearance.
scale: 1. a reduced or rudimentary leaf, for example around a dormant bud.; 2. a flattened epidermal outgrowth, such as those commonly found on the leaves and rhizomes of ferns.
scandent: climbing, by whatever means. See also: scandent in Wiktionary.
scape: (adjective scapose) a stem-like flowering stalk of a plant with radical leaves.
scapose: having the floral axis more or less erect with a few leaves or devoid of leaves; consisting of a scape.
scarious: dry and membranous.
schizocarp: a dry fruit formed from more than one carpel but breaking apart into individual carpels (mericarps) when ripe.
scion: the aerial part of a graft combination, induced by various means to unite with a compatible understock/rootstock.
sclereid: a cell with a thick, often lignified, cell wall that is shorter than a fiber cell and dies soon after the thickening of its cell wall.
sclerenchyma: a strengthening or support tissue composed of sclereids or of a mixture of sclereids and fibers.
sclerophyll: (adjective sclerophyllous) a plant with hard, stiff leaves; leaves stiffened with thick-walled cells.
scorpioid: of a cymose inflorescence, when it branches alternately on one side and then the other; cf. helicoid.
scrobiculate: with very small pits.
scrubland: dense vegetation dominated by shrubs.
scurf: minute loose, membranous scales on the surface of some plant parts e.g. leaves.
secondary metabolite: chemicals produced by a plant that do not have a role in "primary" functions such as growth, development, photosynthesis, reproduction, etc.
secondary species: In lichens, a "species" taxon of lichen reproducing only by vegetative means, whose components reproduce mainly by sexual means – cf. primary species.
secretory tissue: the tissues concerned with the secretion of gums, resins, oils and other substances in plants.
section (sectio): the category of supplementary taxa intermediate in rank between subgenus and series. It is a singular noun always written with a capital initial letter, in combination with the generic name.
secund: with all the parts grouped on one side or turned to one side (applied especially to inflorescences).
sedge: a plant belonging to the family Cyperaceae.
seed: a ripened ovule, consisting of a protective coat enclosing an embryo and food reserves; a propagating organ formed in the sexual reproductive cycle of gymnosperms and angiosperms (together, the seed plants).
segment: part or subdivision of an organ, for example a petal is a segment of the corolla. A term sometimes used when the sepals and petals are indistinguishable.
self-pollination: also called selfing, the acceptance by stigmas of pollen from the same flower or from flowers on the same plant, which means they are self-compatible.
semelparity: When a plant flowers once then dies.
semiterete: (or semi-terete), rounded on one side, but flat on the other. See also terete
sensitive: a descriptive term for stigmas that, in response to touch, close the two lobes of the stigma together, ending the receptivity of the stigma, at least for the time that the lobes are closed together. Mimulus is perhaps the best-known example.
sensu: in the sense of.
sensu lato: of a plant name, in its broadest sense.
sensu stricto: of a plant name, in its narrowest sense.
sepal: in a flower, one of the segments or divisions of the outer whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs, usually green; compare petal.
septicidal: of a fruit, when it dehisces along the partitions between loculi; cf. loculicidal.
septum: (plural septa) a partition, for example the membranous wall separating the two valves of the pod of Brassicaceae.
seriate: arranged in rows.
sericeous: silky with dense appressed hairs.
series: the category of supplementary taxa intermediate in rank between section and species. It is a plural adjective; for instance Primula subgenus Primula sect. Primula series Acaules.
serrate: toothed with asymmetrical teeth pointing forward; like the cutting edge of a saw.
serrulate: finely serrate.
sessile: attached without a stalk, e.g. of a leaf without a petiole or a stigma, when the style is absent.
seta: (adjectives setose, setaceous) a bristle or stiff hair (in rachis of a bipinnate leaf in Acacia.
sheath: a tubular or rolled part of an organ, e.g. the lower part of the leaf in most grasses.
shoot: usually the aerial part of a plant; a stem including its dependent parts, leaves flowers etc.
shrub: a woody perennial plant without a single main trunk, branching freely, and smaller than a tree.
sigmoid: shaped like the letter 'S'.
silicula: a stout siliqua (not more than twice as long as wide).
siliqua: a dry, dehiscent fruit (more than twice as long as wide) formed from a superior ovary of two carpels, with two parietal placentas and divided into two loculi by a 'false' septum.
silky: densely covered with fine soft straight appressed hairs, with a lustrous sheen and satiny to the touch.
silviculture: the science of forestry and the cultivation of woodlands for commercial purposes and wildlife conservation.
simple: undivided, for instance a leaf not divided into leaflets (note, however, that a simple leaf may be entire, toothed or lobed) or an unbranched hair or inflorescence.
sinuate: with deep, wave-like depressions along the margins, but more or less flat; compare undulate.
sinus: a notch or depression between two lobes or teeth in the margin of an organ.
solitary: single, of flowers that grow one plant per year, one in each axil, or widely separated on the plant; not grouped in an inflorescence.
soralia: In a lichen, the structure that bears soredium for non sexual reproduction.
soredia: plural of soredium
soredium: In a lichen, a small groups of algal cells surrounded by fungal filaments that form in soralia, which break off and grow new lichens without sexual reproduction after being dispersed by wind. Compare to an isidium, which breaks off and is dispersed by mechanical means.
sp.: abbreviation of species (singular), often used when the genus is known but the species has not been determined, as in Brassica sp.
spp.: abbreviation of species (plural). See sp.
spadix: a spicate (spike-like) inflorescence with a stout, often succulent axis.
spathe: (adj. spathaceous), a large bract ensheathing an inflorescence. Traditionally any broad flat blade.
spathulate (spatulate): spoon-shaped; broad at the tip with a narrowed projection extending to the base.
species: a group, or populations of individuals, sharing common features and/or ancestry, generally the smallest group that can be readily and consistently recognized; often, a group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. The basic unit of classification, the category of taxa of the lowest principal rank in the nomenclatural hierarchy.
specific epithet: follows the name of the genus, and is the second word of a botanical binomial. The generic name and specific epithet together constitute the name of a species; i.e. the specific epithet is not the species name.
spica: (adjective spicate) a spike.
spike: (adjective spicate) an unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are without stalks; cf. raceme.
spikelet: a unit of the inflorescence especially in grasses, sedges and some other monocotyledons, consisting of one to many flowers and associated bracts (glumes).
spine: (adjective spinose) a stiff, sharp structure, formed by the modification of a plant organ that contains vascular tissue; e.g. a lateral branch or a stipule; includes thorns.
spinescent: ending in a spine; modified to form a spine.
spiral: of arrangement, when plant parts are arranged in a succession of curves like the thread of a screw, or coiled in a cylindrical or conical manner.
splash-cup (sporangia): A cup-like structure in cryptograms for spore dispersal whereby energy of raindrops hitting into the cup splash back out carrying the spore.^[6]
sporangium (sporangia): a structure in which spores are formed.
sporangiophore: an organ bearing sporangia, e.g. in the cones of Equisetum.
spore: a haploid propagule, produced by meiosis in diploid cells of a sporophyte that can germinate to produce a multicellular gametophyte.
sporocarp: a fruiting body containing spores.
sporophyll: a modified leaf that bears a sporangium or sporangia, in pteridophytes.
sporophyte: the haploid multicellular phase in the alternation of generations of plants and algae that produces the spores; cf. gametophyte.
sport: a naturally occurring variant of a species, not usually present in a population or group of plants; a plant that has spontaneously mutated so that it differs from its parent plant.
spreading: extending horizontally, for example branches; standing out at right angles to axis, for example leaves or hairs.
spur: 1. a short shoot.; 2. a conical or tubular outgrowth from the base of a perianth segment, often containing nectar.
squamule: (plural squamules, squamulae) small scales; In lichens, squamules are overlapping plate-like forms, sometimes overlapping so much as to become leaf-like, but which lack a lower cortex, unlike the leafy forms of foliose lichens – adjective: squamulose
squamulose: Covered with small scales (squamules). In lichens, being composed of squamules
squarrose: with tips of leaves, stems etc. radiating or projecting outwards as in the moss Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus.
s.t.: abbreviation for sometimes, compare usu. and oft.
stalk: the supporting structure of an organ, usually narrower in diameter than the organ.
stamen: (adjective staminate) male organ of a flower, consisting (usually) of a stalk (filament) and a pollen-bearing portion (anther).
staminode: a sterile stamen, often rudimentary, sometimes petal-like.
standard: the large posterior petal of pea-flowers.
standard specimen: a representative specimen of a cultivar (or other taxon), one that demonstrates how the name of that taxon should be used.
stele: the primary vascular system (phloem, xylem and ground tissue) of plant stems and roots.
stellate: star-shaped, for example a type of hair.
stem: the plant axis, either aerial or subterranean, which bears nodes, leaves, branches and flowers.
stem-clasping: see amplexicaul.
stenospermocarpy: the development or production of fruit that is seedless or has minute seeds because of the abortion of seed development. compare parthenocarpy
sterile: infertile, for example a stamen that does not bear pollen, or a flower that does not bear seed.
stigma: the pollen-receptive surface of a carpel or group of fused carpels, usually sticky; usually a point or small head at the summit of the style.
stipe: in ferns, the stalk of a frond; generally a small stalk.
stipella: (stipel; plural stipellae) one of two small secondary stipules at the base of leaflets in some species.
stipitate: stalked; borne on a stipe; of an ovary, borne on a gynophore.
stipulate: bearing stipules.
stipule: small appendage at the bases of leaves in many dicotyledons.
stolon: slender, prostrate or trailing stem, producing roots and sometimes erect shoots at its nodes. See also rhizome.
stock: see rootstock.
stoloniferous: having stolons.
stoma: (plural stomata) a pore; small hole in the surface of a leaf (or other aerial organ) allowing the exchange of gases between tissues and the atmosphere.
striate: striped with parallel, longitudinal lines or ridges.
strigose: covered with appressed, rigid, bristle-like, straight hairs; the appressed equivalent of hispid.
strobilus: (plural strobili) a cone-like structure consisting of sporophylls (e.g. conifers and club mosses) or sporangiophores (e.g. in Equisetopsida) borne close together on an axis.
style: an elongated part of a carpel, or group of fused carpels, between the ovary and the stigma.
stylodium: an elongate stigma that resembles a style, a false style, e.g. commonly found in Poaceae and Asteraceae.
stylulus: the elongated apex of a free carpel which functions like the style of a syncarpous ovary, allowing pollen tubes from its stigma to enter the locule of only that carpel.
subgenus: the category of supplementary taxa intermediate between genus and section. It is a singular noun, always has a capital initial letter and is used in combination with the generic name; e.g. Primula subgenus Primula.
subglobose: Inflated, but less than spherical. See also globose.
subshrub: undershrub; small shrub which may have partially herbaceous stems, but generally a woody plant less than 1 m high.
subspecies: a grouping within a species, usually used for geographically isolated and morphologically distinct entities. Its taxonomic rank occurs between species and variety.
subtend: to stand beneath or close to, as in a bract at the base of a flower.
subquadrangular: not quite square; see also quadrangular in wiktionary.
subulate: narrow and tapering gradually to a fine point.
succulent: juicy, fleshy; a plant with a fleshy habit.
sucker: a shoot of more or less subterranean origin; an erect shoot originating from a bud on a root or a rhizome, sometimes at some distance from the stem of the plant.
suffrutex: subshrub or undershrub.(plural suffrutices). See also suffrutex for etymology etc.
sulcate: furrowed; grooved.
superficial: on the surface.
superior: of an ovary, borne above the level of attachment of the other floral parts, or above the base of a hypanthium; compare inferior, half-inferior.
suspended: of an ovule, when attached slightly below the summit of the ovary; compare pendulous.
suture: a junction or seam of union. (see fissure, commissure)
sward: extensive, more or less even cover of a surface, for example a lawn grass; compare tussock.
sympatric: with more or less similar or overlapping ranges of distribution.
sympodial: a mode of growth in which the main axis is repeatedly terminated, and replaced with a lateral branch. Examples occur in the family Combretaceae, including the genera Terminalia and Combretum
syconium: a hollow infructescence containing multiple fruit, such as that of a fig.
syn- (sym-): with, together.
symmetrical: capable of being divided into at least two equal, mirror-image halves (e.g. zygomorphic) or to have rotational symmetry (e.g. regular, actinomorphic). Contrast with irregular, asymmetrical.
sympetalous: with united (connate or fused) petals.
synangium: a fused aggregate of sporangia, e.g. in the trilocular (=with three chambers) sporangia of the whisk fern Psilotum.
synanthous: new leaves and flowers appear and die back at the same time. See also hysteranthous and proteranthous
synaptospermy: The dispersal of diaspores as units, where each bears more than one seed, for example where each diaspore comprises an entire inflorescence, as in Brunsvigia or multi-seeded fruit as in Tribulus zeyheri. Ephemeral synaptospermy is the term for when the diaspores split into units containing fewer or single seeds each, as in most tumbleweeds. True synaptospermy is when the diaspore generally remains entire until germination, as commonly happens in species of Grielum.
syncarpous: of a gynoecium, made up of united carpels.
synonym: outdated name or 'alternative' name for the same taxon.

T

taproot: the main, descending root of a plant with a single dominant root axis.
tartareous: having a surface that is course, thick, rough, and crumbling.
taxon: (plural taxa) a group or category in a system of classification, derived from the Greek prefixes taxo-, taxis- meaning arrangement.
taxonomy: the study of the principles and practice of classification.
tegmen: the inner layer of the testa (seed coat). It develops from the inner integument of the ovule.
tendril: a slender organ (modified e.g. from stem, leaf, leaflet or stipule) used by climbing plants to cling to an object.
tepal: perianth segment, either sepal or petal; usually used when all perianth segments are similar in appearance; cf. petal.
terete: circular in cross-section; more or less cylindrical without grooves or ridges. Also semiterete.
terminal: situated at the tip or apex.
ternate: in groups of three; of leaves, arranged in whorls of three; of a single leaf, with the leaflets arranged in groups of three. See Leaf shape.
terrestrial: generally denotes of or on the ground; of habitat, on land as opposed to in water (aquatic) or on rocks (lithophytic), or other plants (epiphytic), and so on.
testa: seed coat.
tetrad: a group of four; usually means four pollen grains remaining fused together a maturity, e.g. in the Epacridaceae.^[7]
tetragonal: square, with four corners, four-angled, e.g. the cross section of the stems of herbaceous Lamiaceae.
tetramerous: in four parts, particularly with respect to flowers, four parts in each whorl. See also trimerous and pentamerous.
tetraploid: having four complete sets of chromosomes in each sporophyte cell.
tetraspore: the asexual spore of red algae. It is so named because each sporangium produces just four spores. See Rhodophyceae.^[8]
thallus: The "vegetative" part (part other than sexual fruitbodies) of a lichen that has both the fungus (mycobiont) and photobiont; plural thalli
theca: one of the usually two synangia in which pollen is produced in flowering plants. It consists of two fused sporangia known as pollen sacs. The wall between the pollen sacs disintegrates before dehiscence, which is usually by a common slit.
thorn: a sharp, stiff point, usually a modified stem, that cannot be detached without tearing the subtending tissue; a spine; cf. prickle.
throat: the opening of a corolla or perianth.
thyrse: a branched inflorescence in which the main axis is indeterminate (racemose) and the lateral branches determinate (cymose).
tomentum: (adjective tomentose) a dense covering of short, matted hairs. Tomentose is often used as a general term for bearing an indumentum, but this is not a recommended use.
toothed: with a more or less regularly incised margin.
torus: see receptacle.
transmitting tissue: see pollen transmitting tissue.
trapeziform: 1. like a trapezium (a four-sided figure with two parallel sides of unequal length); 2. like a trapezoid (a four-sided figure, or quadrilateral, with neither pair of sides equal); sometimes used erroneously as a synonym for rhombic.
tree: a woody plant, usually with a single distinct trunk and generally more than 2-3 m tall.
triad: a group of three.
triangular: planar and with 3 sides.
tribe: a taxonomic grouping, in rank between genus and family.
trichome: in non-filamentous plants, any hair-like outgrowth from epidermis, e.g. a hair or bristle; sometimes restricted to unbranched epidermal outgrowths.
trifid: split into three parts. See also bifid.
trifoliolate (or trifoliate): a compound leaf of three leaflets, for example a clover leaf.
trigonous: triangular in cross-section and obtusely angled; cf. triquetrous.
trimerous: in three parts, particularly with respect to flowers, three parts in each whorl. See also tetramerous and pentamerous.
trinerved: having three nerves or veins.
triplinerved: (of leaves) having three main nerves with the lateral nerves arising from the midnerve above the base of the leaf.
triquetrous: more or less triangular in cross-section, but acutely angled (with 3 distinct longitudinal ridges); cf. trigonous.
trivalve: also trivalvar. Divided into three valves. See also bivalve
trivial name: the second word in the two-part scientific name of an organism; cf. specific epithet.
trophophyll: a vegetative, nutrient-producing leaf or microphyll, whose primary function is photosynthesis. It is not specialized or modified for some other function. (compare: sporophyll).
trullate: ovate but angled; like a bricklayer's trowel; inverse kite-shaped; compare rhombic.
truncate: cut off squarely; with an abruptly transverse end.
trunk: the upright large main stem of a tree.
truss: a compact cluster of flowers or fruits arising from one centre; for instance, evident in many rhododendrons.
tuber: an underground storage organ formed by the swelling of an underground stem which produces buds and stores food, forming a seasonal potato; compare tuberoid.
tubercle: a small wart-like outgrowth.
tuberculate: covered in tubercles; warty.
tuberoid: an underground storage organ formed by the swelling of a root; occurs in many orchids.
tuberous: resembling a tuber; producing tubers.
tubular: with the form of a tube or cylinder.
tufted: densely fasciculate at the tip.
tunic: outer covering of some bulbs and corms, hence tunicate.
tunicate: of bulbs, consisting of concentric coats.
turbinate: top-shaped.
turgid: swollen with liquid; firm; compare flaccid.
tussock: a dense tuft of vegetation, usually well separated from neighbouring tussocks, for example some grasses; compare sward.
two-ranked: having leaves arranged in two rows in the same plane, on opposite sides of the branch; = distichous.
type: an item (usually a herbarium specimen) to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached, i.e. a designated representative of a plant name. Important in determining the priority of names available for a particular taxon.
type genus: in nomenclature, the genus from which the family is based.
typography: the presentation of printed matter, covering issues such as type styles (e.g. italic or roman type), underlining, emboldening and letter spacing.

U

umbel: (adjective umbellate) a racemose inflorescence in which all the individual flower stalks arise in a cluster at the top of the peduncle and are of about equal length; in a simple umbel, each stalk is unbranched and bears only one flower; a cymose umbel looks similar to an umbel but its flowers open centrifugally.; Umbo in the middle of the cap of Cantharellula umbonata.
umbo (mycology): a rounded elevation, such as in the middle of the top of an umbrella or mushroom
umbonate: having an umbo, with a conical or blunt projection arising from a flatter surface, as on the top of a mushroom, or in the scale of a pine cone.
unciform: hook shaped.
uncinate: with a hook at the apex.
undershrub: a low shrub, often with flowering branches that die off in winter; cf. subshrub.
understory: plant life growing beneath the forest canopy.
undulate: wavy and not flat; compare sinuate.
unilocular: having one loculus or chamber, e.g., the ovary in the families Proteaceae and Fabaceae.
uniserial: Arranged in a single row or series. Unbranched. Uniseriate.
uniseriate: Arranged in a single row or series. Unbranched. Uniserial.
unisexual: of one sex; bearing only male or only female reproductive organs, dioecious, dioicous. See Sexual reproduction in plants.
unitegmic: (of an ovule), covered by a single integument.
urceolate: urn-shaped.
usu.: abbreviation for usually, compare s.t. and oft.
utricle: a small bladder; a membranous bladder-like sac enclosing an ovary or fruit; in sedges a fruit in which the pericarp is larger than, and loosely encloses, the seed.

V

vallecular canal: a resin canal coinciding with a longitudinal groove in the seeds of Asteraceae. A longitudinal cavity in the cortex of the stems of Equisetum, coinciding with a groove in the stem surface.
valvate: of sepals and petals in bud, which meet edge to edge but do not overlap.
valve: a portion of an organ that fragments or splits open, for example the teeth-like portions of a pericarp in a split (dehisced) capsule or pod when ripe.
var: see varietas.
variant: a plant or group of plants showing some measure of difference from the characteristics associated with a particular taxon.
varietas (variety in common usage, abbreviated as var.): (Latin) in the Linnean hierarchy a rank below that of species, between the ranks of subspecies and form.
variegated: irregularly marked with blotches or patches of another colour.
vascular: an adjective referring to the conducting tissues, the (xylem and phloem), in vascular plants.
vascular bundle: a bundle of vascular tissue in the primary stems of vascular plants, consisting of specialised conducting cells for the transport of water (xylem) and assimilate (phloem).
vasculum: Container used by botanists for collecting field specimens.
vein: a strand of vascular tissue, e.g. in vascular plant leaves; nerve.
veinlet: a small vein; the ultimate (visible) division of a vein.
velamen: a spongy tissue covering the aerial roots of orchids and some other epiphytes.
velvety: densely covered with fine, short, soft, erect hairs.
venation: the arrangement of veins in a leaf.
ventral: the front; in particular, towards the axis (adaxial) in a lateral organ or towards the substrate in a prostrate plant; contrast dorsal, abaxial.
vernation: the arrangement of unexpanded leaves in a bud; the order of unfolding of leaves from a bud.
verruciform: wart-like in form.
verrucose: with warts.
verruculose: minutely warty, minutely verrucose.
versatile: of anthers, swinging freely about the point of attachment to the filament.
verticillate: arranged in one or more whorls, i.e. several similar parts arranged at the same point of the axis. e.g. leaf arrangement. Hence pseudoverticillate, appearing whorled or verticillate but not so
verticillaster: a type of pseudo-verticillate inflorescence, typical of Lamiaceae, in which pseudo-whorls are formed from pairs of opposite cymes.
vesicular: of hairs, bladder-like; vesciculous, bearing such hairs.
vessel: a capillary tube formed from a series of open-ended cells in the water-conducting tissue of a plant.
vestigial: reduced in form and function from the normal or ancestral condition.
villous: Abounding in or covered with long, soft, straight hairs; shaggy with soft hairs.
vine: 1. Vitis.; 2. Scandent plants climbing by means of trailing or twining stem or runner.; 3. Such a stem or runner^[4]^[9]
virgate: Wand-shaped, twiggy, especially referring to erect, straight stems. Diminutive: virgulate. In mycology, referring to a pileus with radiating ribs or lines.
Viridiplantae: literally "green plants". A clade of green algae, Charophyta and land plants, that have cellulose in their cell walls, chloroplasts derived from primary endosymbiosis with Cyanobacteria that contain chlorophylls a and b and lack phycobilins.
viscid: sticky; coated with a thick, syrupy secretion.
viviparous: 1. seeds or fruits which germinate before being shed from the parent plant.; 2. the development of plantlets on non-floral organs e.g. leaves.

W

Watershoots
warty: a surface covered with small round protuberances, especially in fruit, leaves, twigs and bark, see tuberculate.
watershoot: an erect strong-growing or epicormic shoot developing from near the base of a shrub or tree, but distinct from a sucker.
weed: 1. a weed is loosely defined as a plant growing where it is not wanted; commonly associated with disrupted habitats. See also ruderal; 2. agricultural weed: an unwanted plant which grows among agricultural crops.; 3. environmental weed: naturalised, exotic or ecologically 'out-of-balance' indigenous species outside the agricultural or garden context which, as a result of invasion, adversely affects the survival or regeneration of indigenous species in natural or partly natural vegetation communities (Carr, G.W., in Foreman & Walsh, 1993).
wild: originating from a known wild habitat (wilderness). See Wildlife.
whorl: a ring of organs borne at the same level on an axis, for example leaves, bracts or floral parts.
wing: 1. a membranous expansion of a fruit or seed which aids in dispersal, for instance on pine seeds.; 2. a thin flange of tissue extending beyond the normal outline of a structure, e.g. on the column of some orchids, on stems, on petioles.; 3. one of the two lateral petals of a flower of subfamily Faboideae of family Fabaceae, located between the adaxial standard (banner) petal and the two abaxial keel petals.
woolly: very densely covered with long, more or less matted or intertwined hairs, resembling sheep's wool.

X

xeromorph: a plant with structural features (e.g. hard or succulent leaves) or functional adaptations that prevent water loss by evaporation; usually associated with arid habitats, but not necessarily drought-tolerant; cf. xerophyte.
xerophyte: a plant generally living in a dry habitat, typically showing xeromorphic or succulent adaptation; a plant able to tolerate long periods of drought; cf. xeromorph.
xylem: a specialised water-conducting tissue in vascular plants.

Z

zonate: having light and dark circular bands or rings.
zygomorphic: bilaterally symmetrical; symmetrical about one vertical plane only; applies to flowers in which the perianth segments within each whorl vary in size and shape; compare actinomorphic, irregular.
zygote: a fertilized cell, the diploid product of fusion of two haploid gametes.

References

^ Shreve, Forrest; Wiggins, Ira. Vegetation and Flora of the Sonoran Desert. Stanford University Press, 1964. ISBN 978-0804701631
^ Mosses Lichens & Ferns of Northwest North America, Dale H. Vitt, Janet E. marsh, Robin B. Bovey, Lone Pine Publishing Company, ISBN 0-295-96666-1
^ Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-19500-2, page 279
^ ^a ^b Jackson, Benjamin, Daydon; A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent; Published by Gerald Duckworth & Co. London, 4th ed 1928
^ Alan W. Meerow, Michael F. Fay, Charles L Guy, Qin-Bao Li, Faridah Q Zaman, Mark W. Chase. Systematics of Amaryllidaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid sequence data. Am. J. Bot. September 1999 vol. 86 no. 9 1325-1345
^ THE SPLASH-CUP DISPERSAL MECHANISM IN PLANTS, Harold J. Brodie, Canadian Journal of Botany, 1951, 29(3): 224-234, 10.1139/b51-022, [1]
^
^
^

Bibliography

Stearn, W.T. 1983. Botanical Latin. David & Charles, North Pomfret, Vermont.
Henk Beentje (2010) The Kew Plant Glossary, an illustrated dictionary of plant terms. Revised edition (2012). Kew Publishing: Richmond, U.K. ISBN 978-1-84246-422-9.
Benjamin D. Jackson. A Glossary of Botanic Terms. Duckworth: London. J.B. Lippincott Company: Philadelphia (1928).
Michael Hickey and Clive King. 2001. The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge U.K. ISBN 978-0-521-79401-5
James G. Harris and Melinda Woolf Harris. Plant Identification Terminology: An Illustrated Glossary. Spring Lake Publishing: Spring Lake, UT, USA. (1994).
David B. Lellinger. 2002. A Modern Multilingual Glossary for Taxonomic Pteridology (Pteridologia, 3). American Fern Society. ISBN 978-0-933500-02-0.
Ernest M. Gifford and Adriance S. Foster. 1989. Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants, 3rd edition. W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-1946-5
Glossary of botanical and medical terms, in Don G. W. A general system of gardening and botany. Founded upon Miller's Gardener's dictionary, and arranged according to the natural system. 1831

External links

Glossary at: APweb
A glossary of botanical terms in English At: Flora, etc.
Garden Web
eFloras

Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew

Standard glossary (archive)
Tropical America – Glossary of botanical terms
Stuppy, W. Glossary of Seed and Fruit Morphological Terms

Australia and New Zealand

University of Sydney: Eflora – Glossary
Florabase (Western Australia)
Flora of Australia Online Glossary
Flora of Australia Abbreviations
Botany Word of the Day. Illustrated with New Zealand natives

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Plant cells	Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesmata Vacuole

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