Globalism

Not to be confused with globalization.

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The concept of globalism now is most commonly used to refer to different ideologies of globalization.

Interpretations

Manfred Steger distinguishes between different globalisms such as justice globalism, jihad globalism, and market globalism.^[1] Market globalisms include the ideology of neoliberalism. In some hands, the reduction of globalism to the single ideology of market globalism and neoliberalism has led to confusion. For example, in his 2005 book The Collapse of Globalism and the Reinvention of the World, Canadian philosopher John Ralston Saul treated globalism as coterminous with neoliberalism and neoliberal globalization. He argued that, far from being an inevitable force, globalization is already breaking up into contradictory pieces and that citizens are reasserting their national interests in both positive and destructive ways.

Alternatively, American political scientist Joseph Nye, co-founder of the international relations theory of neoliberalism, generalized the term to argue that globalism refers to any description and explanation of a world which is characterized by networks of connections that span multi-continental distances; while globalization refers to the increase or decline in the degree of globalism.^[2] This more general use of the concept is much less influential.

Definitions

Paul James defines globalism "at least in its more specific use ... as the dominant ideology and subjectivity associated with different historically-dominant formations of global extension. The definition thus implies that there were pre-modern or traditional forms of globalism and globalization long before the driving force of capitalism sought to colonize every corner of the globe, for example, going back to the Roman Empire in the second century AD and perhaps to the Greeks of the fifth-century BC.2."^[3]

History

The word itself came into widespread usage, first and foremost in the United States, from the early 1940s.^[4] This was the period when US global power was at its peak: the country was the greatest economic power the world had ever known, with the greatest military machine in human history.^[5] Or, as Policy Planning Staff put it in February 1948: "[W]e have about 50% of the world's wealth but only 6.3% of its population. […] Our real task in the coming period is to devise a pattern of relationships which will permit us to maintain this position of disparity".^[6] America's allies and foes in Eurasia were, of course, at this time suffering the dreadful effects of World War II.

In their position of unprecedented power, US planners formulated policies to shape the kind of postwar world they wanted, which, in economic terms, meant a globe-spanning capitalist order centered exclusively upon the United States.^[7]

The first person in the United States to use the term

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• Globalism/Antiglobalism: a survey and a view

External links

•  
• James, Paul; Steger, Manfred B. (2010). Globalization and Culture, Volume IV: Ideologies of Globalism. London: Sage Publications. 
• Kolko, Joyce;  
•  
•  
•  
• Peck, James (2006). Washington's China: The National Security World, the Cold War, and the Origins of Globalism. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.  
• Steger, Manfred B. (2008). The Rise of the Global Imaginary: Political Ideologies from the French Revolution to the Global War on Terror. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
• Steger, Manfred B. (2009). Globalism: The New Market Ideology (3rd ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 
•  
• Veseth, Michael, ed. (2002). The Rise of the Global Economy. The New York Times 20th Century in Review. Chicago, IL: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.  

Further reading

1. ^ Steger 2008, p. .
2. ^ Nye 2002.
3. ^ James 2006, p. 22.
4. ^ in American-English corpus, 1800–2000"globalism".  

   Compare this with globalism in the British-English corpus, where its appearance is later and much more muted.

5. ^ Leffler 2010, p. 67.
6. ^ DoS 1948, p. 524.
7. ^ Kolko & Kolko 1972.

   One American historian has gone as far as to describe this particular American version of globalism as visionary, in order to highlight its potently ideological nature—indeed, "Washington's most impressive Cold War ideological achievement". Visionary globalism was a far-reaching conception of "American-centric state globalism using capitalism as a key to its global reach, integrating everything that it can into such an undertaking". And "integrating everything" crucially meant global economic integration, which had collapsed under the blows of World War I and the Great Depression. (Peck 2006, p. 19, 21)

8. ^ Machlup 1977, p. 8.
9. ^ ^{a b} Machlup 1977, p. 11.
10. ^ Machlup 1977, p. 11; Veseth 2002, pp. 170–1, where the Times article is reprinted.
11. ^ Steger 2008.
12. ^ James & Steger 2010.

References

• Anti-globalization movement
• Cultural globalization
• Dimensions of globalization
• Global capitalism
• Global warming
• Globalization
• Information Age
• Isolationism
• National interest
• Neoconservatism
• Neoliberalism
• Neoliberalism (international relations)
• New World Order (conspiracy theory)
• New world order (politics)
• Post-industrial society
• Power elite
• Ruling class
• United Nations

See also

While ideologies of the global have a long history, globalism emerged as a dominant set of associated ideologies across the course of the late twentieth century. As these ideologies settled, and as various processes of globalization intensified, they contributed to the consolidation of a connecting global imaginary.^[11] In their recent writings, Manfred Steger and Paul James have theorized this process in terms of four levels of change: changing ideas, ideologies, imaginaries and ontologies.^[12]

Mr Hoffmann used the word 'integration' fifteen times or almost once to every hundred words of his speech. It is a word that rarely if ever has been used by European statesmen having to do with the Marshall Plan to describe what should happen to Europe's economies. It was remarked that no such term or goal was included in the commitments the European nations gave in agreeing to the Marshall Plan. Consequently it appeared to the Europeans that "integration" was an American doctrine that had been superimposed upon the mutual engagements made when the Marshall Plan began …^[10]

put it, The New York Times As [9]