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The Group of Eight (G8) is the name of a forum for the governments of a group of eight leading advanced economies that was originally formed by six leading industrialised countries and subsequently extended with two additional members (Canada and the European Commission).[1][2][3] Russia, which was invited to join as the eighth nation, was excluded from the forum by the other members on March 24, 2014, as a result of its involvement in the 2014 Crimea crisis in Ukraine.[4] Thus the group will continue to meet comprising seven nations and the EU.
The forum originated with a 1975 summit hosted by [5]), and it remained active even during the period of the G8. Russia was added to the group from 1998 to 2014, which then became known as the G8. The European Union was represented within the G8 since the 1980s but could not host or chair summits.[6] The 40th summit was the first time the European Union was able to host and chair a summit.
"G8" can refer to the member states in aggregate or to the annual summit meeting of the G8 heads of government. The former term, G6, is now frequently applied to the six most populous countries within the European Union. G8 ministers also meet throughout the year, such as the G7 finance ministers (who meet four times a year), G8 foreign ministers, or G8 environment ministers.
Collectively, in 2012 the G8 nations comprised [5]) India (10th country in the world by GDP,[7]) Mexico, and South Africa. These countries have participated as guests in meetings which are sometimes called G8+5.
With the G-20 major economies growing in stature since the 2008 Washington summit, world leaders from the group announced at their Pittsburgh summit on September 25, 2009, that the group would replace the G8 as the main economic council of wealthy nations.[8][9] Today, G8 meetings are held with the purpose of discussing global issues such as economic growth, crisis management, global security, energy and terrorism without the governments of the developing nations, which have their major forum.[10]
On March 24, 2014, the original G7 nations voted to effectively suspend Russia from the organization in response to the country's annexation of Crimea;[11][12][13] however, it was made clear that the suspension was temporary.[14] Later on, the Italian Foreign Affairs minister Federica Mogherini and other Italian authorities,[15][16] along with the EastWest Institute board member Wolfgang Ischinger,[17] suggested that Russia may restore its membership in the group, adding that the return to the G8 format depends on Moscow and on Russian actions.
The concept of a forum for the world's major industrialized countries emerged prior the finance ministers from West Germany (Helmut Schmidt), France (Valéry Giscard d'Estaing), and Britain (Anthony Barber) before an upcoming meeting in Washington, D.C. When running the idea past President Nixon, he noted that he would be out of town, and offered use of the White House; the meeting was subsequently held in the library on the ground floor.[18] Taking their name from the setting, this original group of four became known as the "Library Group".[19] In mid-1973, at the World Bank-IMF meetings, Shultz proposed the addition of Japan to the original four nations, who agreed.[20] The informal gathering of senior financial officials from the United States, the United Kingdom, West Germany, Japan, and France became known as the "Group of Five."[21]
During 1974 the heads of state or government of the top ten industrial nations fell due to illness or scandal: There were two elections in the UK, three Chancellors of West Germany, three presidents of France, three Prime Ministers of Japan and Italy, two US Presidents and Prime Minister Trudeau of Canada was forced into an early election. Of the members of the "Group of Five", all were new to the job with the exception of Prime Minister Trudeau.
As 1975 dawned, Schmidt and Giscard d'Estaing were heads of government in their respective countries, and since they both spoke fluent English, it occurred to them that they, and British Prime Minister Gerald Ford felt an English speaker with more experience was needed, so Canada's Pierre Trudeau was invited to join the group [22] and the group became the Group of Seven (G7). Since first invited by the United Kingdom in 1977 the European Union has been represented by the President of the European Commission, and the leader of the country that holds the Presidency of the Council of the European Union[23] and the Council President now also regularly attends.
Following 1994's G7 summit in Naples, Russian officials held separate meetings with leaders of the G7 after the group's summits. This informal arrangement was dubbed the Political 8 (P8) – or, colloquially, the G7+1. At the invitation of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair and President of the United States Bill Clinton,[24] President Boris Yeltsin was invited first as a guest observer, later as a full participant. It was seen as a way to encourage Yeltsin with his capitalist reforms. Russia formally joined the group in 1998, resulting in the Group of Eight, or G8.
A major focus of the G8 since 2009 has been the global supply of food.[25] At the 2009 L'Aquila summit, the G8's members promised to contribute $20 billion to the issue over three years.[26] Since then, only 22% of the promised funds have been delivered.[27]
At the 2012 summit, President Barack Obama plans to ask G8 leaders to adopt a policy that would privatize global food investment.[28][29]
On March 2, 2014, the remaining non-Russian G8 members, the European Union, and the European Commission suspended the planned G8 summit in the Russian city of Sochi and would instead meet as the G7 in Brussels,[30] blaming Russia's role in the Crimean crisis.[31] Following the suspension of the summit, on March 18 the French Minister of Foreign Affairs Laurent Fabius claimed that Russia was suspended from the G8; however, the German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French Foreign Ministry spokesman Romain Nadal[32] clarified that Russia would remain a G8 member, and only the meeting would be suspended.
While visiting [11]
By design, the G8 deliberately lacks an administrative structure like those for international organizations, such as the United Nations or the World Bank. The group does not have a permanent secretariat, or offices for its members.
The presidency of the group rotates annually among member countries, with each new term beginning on 1 January of the year. The rotation order is: France, the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, Germany, Japan, Italy, and Canada.[34] The country holding the presidency is responsible for planning and hosting a series of ministerial-level meetings, leading up to a mid-year summit attended by the heads of government. The president of the European Commission participates as an equal in all summit events.[35]
The ministerial meetings bring together ministers responsible for various portfolios to discuss issues of mutual or global concern. The range of topics include health, law enforcement, labor, economic and social development, energy, environment, foreign affairs, justice and interior, terrorism, and trade. There are also a separate set of meetings known as the G8+5, created during the 2005 Gleneagles, Scotland summit, that is attended by finance and energy ministers from all eight member countries in addition to the five "outreach countries" which are also known as the Group of Five — Brazil, People's Republic of China, India, Mexico, and South Africa.[36]
In June 2005, justice ministers and interior ministers from the G8 countries agreed to launch an international database on pedophiles.[37] The G8 officials also agreed to pool data on terrorism, subject to restrictions by privacy and security laws in individual countries.[38]
At the Heiligendamm Summit in 2007, the G8 acknowledged a proposal from the EU for a worldwide initiative on efficient energy use. They agreed to explore, along with the International Energy Agency, the most effective means to promote energy efficiency internationally. A year later, on 8 June 2008, the G8 along with China, India, South Korea and the European Community established the International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation, at the Energy Ministerial meeting hosted by Japan holding 2008 G8 Presidency, in Aomori.[39]
G8 Finance Ministers, whilst in preparation for the 34th Summit of the G8 Heads of State and Government in Toyako, Hokkaido, met on the 13 and 14 June 2008, in Osaka, Japan. They agreed to the “G8 Action Plan for Climate Change to Enhance the Engagement of Private and Public Financial Institutions.” In closing, Ministers supported the launch of new Climate Investment Funds (CIFs) by the World Bank, which will help existing efforts until a new framework under the UNFCCC is implemented after 2012. The UNFCCC is not on track to meeting any of its stated goals.[40]
The annual G8 leaders summit is attended by the heads of government.[41] The member country holding the G8 presidency is responsible for organizing and hosting the year's summit.
The serial annual summits can be parsed chronologically in arguably distinct ways, including as the sequence of host countries for the summits has recurred over time, series, etc.[42]
These G8 countries represent:
Visa policy of the G8 states:
Within the G8 states:
European members of G8:
G8 states and other countries:
Currently (2014),
Travel freedom of G8 citizens (May 2014):
Dual-citizenship policies of the G8 states:
Together the eight countries making up the G8 represent about 14% of the world population, but they represent about 60% of the World wealth and 60% of the gross world product[84] as measured by gross domestic product, all eight nations being within the top 12 countries according to the CIA World Factbook. (see the CIA World Factbook column in List of countries by GDP (nominal)), the majority of global military power (seven are in the top 8 nations for military expenditure[85]), and almost all of the world's active nuclear weapons.[86] In 2007, the combined G8 military spending was US$850 billion. This is 72% of the world's total military expenditures. (see List of countries and federations by military expenditures) Four of the G8 members, the United Kingdom, United States, France and Russia, together account for 96–99% of the world's nuclear weapons.[87] (see List of states with nuclear weapons)
Some criticism centres on the assertion that members of G8 do not do enough to help global problems such as Third World Debt, global warming and the AIDS epidemic—due to strict medicine patent policy and other issues related to globalization. In Unravelling Global Apartheid, the political analyst Titus Alexander described the G7, as it then was, as the 'cabinet' of global minority rule, with a coordinating role in world affairs.[88]
The conservative Heritage Foundation has criticized the G8 for advocating food security without making room for economic freedom.[89]
The G8's relevance is unclear.[90] It still represents the major industrialized countries but critics argue that the G8 has now become unrepresentative of the world's most powerful economies. In particular, China has surpassed every economy but the United States,[91] while Brazil has surpassed Canada and Italy (according to the IMF). Also according to the International Monetary Fund and the CIA World Factbook, India has already surpassed Canada, Italy, Germany, France, and Japan in terms of purchasing power parity, although remaining on the 10th position when it comes to nominal GDP. This has given rise to the idea of enlarging G8 to the G8+5, which includes these other economically powerful nations. Other critics assert, however, that the concept of a country's net wealth is different from the nation's GDP.
With Vladimir Putin not attending the 2012 G8 summit at Camp David, Foreign Policy (FP) magazine argued that the summit has generally outlived its usefulness as a viable international gathering of foreign leaders.[92] Another contributor of Foreign Policy magazine suggested that Russia should be excluded from the G8 altogether.[93][94] Yet, a third FP contributor commented in 2012, that the G8 was still relevant, despite the increasing international power and prestige of the G-20 major economies leaders' summit.[95]
British Prime Minister David Cameron said of the G8 in 2012:[96]
Some people ask, does the G8 still matter, when we have a Group of 20? My answer is, yes. The G8 is a group of like-minded countries that share a belief in free enterprise as the best route to growth. As eight countries making up about half the world’s gross domestic product, the standards we set, the commitments we make, and the steps we take can help solve vital global issues, fire up economies and drive prosperity all over the world.
Canada Stephen Harper, Prime Minister
France François Hollande, President
Germany Angela Merkel, Chancellor
Italy Matteo Renzi, Prime Minister
Japan Shinzo Abe, Prime Minister
United Kingdom David Cameron, Prime Minister
United States Barack Obama, President
European Union Donald Tusk, President of the European Council
European Union Jean-Claude Juncker, President of the European Commission
Russia Vladimir Putin, President
The Y8 Summit or simply Y8, formerly known as the G8 Youth Summit[97] is the youth counterpart to the G8 summit.[98] The first summit to use the name Y8 took place in May 2012 in Puebla, Mexico, alongside the Youth G8 that took place in Washington, D.C. the same year.
The Y8 Summit brings together young leaders from G8 nations and the Young European Leadership association is recruiting and sending EU Delegates.
Ontario, Quebec City, Quebec, Ottawa, Aboriginal peoples in Canada
United Kingdom, European Union, Italy, Canada, Spain