In a number of countries, plants have been chosen as symbols to represent specific geographic areas. Some countries have a country-wide floral emblem; others in addition have symbols representing subdivisions. Different processes have been used to adopt these symbols – some are conferred by government bodies, whereas others are the result of informal public polls. The term floral emblem, which refers to flowers specifically, is primarily used in Australia and Canada. In the United States, the term state flower is more often used.
National flowers
Africa
Asia
Bangladesh
The national flower and floral emblem of Bangladesh is the shapla (Bengali: শাপলা), or Nymphaea nouchali)[2][3] See also: National Emblem of Bangladesh.
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
Cambodia's national flower, the romduol
Cambodia formally adopted the romduol (Khmer: រំដួល) as its national flower in the year 2005 by a royal decree.[5] The royal decree designates the taxon as Mitrella mesnyi, however this is a taxonomically illegitimate synonym for Sphaerocoryne affinis Ridley.[6]
Cyprus
India
The flower of India is also the lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), a symbol of purity that remains immaculate despite growing from mud and water.[7]
Lotus the national flower of India
Kerala's state floral emblem is the tree Cassia fistula. Tamil Nadu's floral emblem is Glory lily. Water-lily is the state flower of Andhra Pradesh. Bihar's floral emblem is kachnaar and that of Uttarakhand is the rhododendron (locally buransh).
Indonesia
Jasminum sambac, the national flower of Indonesia and the Philippines.
There are three types of floral emblems that symbolize Indonesia:
-
the puspa bangsa (national flower) of Indonesia is melati (Jasminum sambac)
-
the puspa pesona (flower of charm) is anggrek bulan (Moon Orchid, Phalaenopsis amabilis)[4]
-
the puspa langka (rare flower) is padma raksasa rafflesia (Rafflesia arnoldii).
All three were chosen on World Environment Day in 1990.[8] and enforced by law through Presidential Decree (Keputusan Presiden) No. 4 1993,[9] On the other occasion Bunga Bangkai (Titan arum) was also added as puspa langka together with Rafflesia.
Melati (jasminum sambac), a small white flower with sweet fragrance, has long been considered as a sacred flower in Indonesian tradition, as it symbolizes purity, sacredness, graceful simplicity and sincerity. For example, on her wedding day, a traditional Indonesian bride's hair is often adorned with arrangements of jasmine, while the groom's kris is often adorned with a lock of jasmine. However, jasmine is also often used as floral offering for spirits and deities, and also often present during funerals which gave it its mystical and sacred properties. Moon Orchid was chosen for its beauty, while the other two rare flowers, Rafflesia arnoldii and Titan arum were chosen to demonstrate uniqueness and Indonesian rich biodiversity.
Each of the 33 provinces of Indonesia also have native plants as their provincial flowers.
Iran
Iraq
Israel
The calanit, Israel's national flower.
The Israeli national flower is the poppy anemone (Anemone coronaria; calanit metzuya in Hebrew), chosen in 2013 to replace Cyclamen persicum.[10]
Jordan
Kuwait
Laos
The national flower is the plumeria (champa),[4] despite it being no longer endemic.
Malaysia
National flower of Malaysia, the Chinese Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis).
The national flower of Malaysia is the bunga raya (Chinese Hibiscus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis).[4][11]
The flower of the eastern Malaysian state of Sarawak is the orchid Phalaenopsis bellina, while that of the state of Kedah is the pokok padi.
Malacca's state flower is the bread-flower, Vallaris glabra (local name bunga kesidang).
Maldives
-
Maldives – pink polyantha rose (fiyaathoshi finifenmaa)[12]
Myanmar
Nepal
North Korea
Pakistan
Plant symbols include: Poet's Jasmine (national flower), deodar (national tree), mango (national fruit),
For thousands of years, the jasmine plant has been cultivated not only for the beauty of its small, white, star-like flowers, but it has also been prized for its intoxicating scent. Originating in the foot hills of the Western Himalayas and the Indus Valley plains of the Punjab, the plant was cultivated and brought to the rest of the Indian subcontinent, China, the Middle East and other regions of Asia. From there, it spread into France, Italy and the Mediterranean, and eventually it was introduced to the rest of Western Europe and Britain. Today, jasmine is grown and cultivated all over the world in its many varieties. Since jasmine has been cultivated all over the world for its flowers and scent, there are different varieties, and each type of jasmine is associated with different meanings. In Pakistan, Jasmine is a very common plant and one can find it in any garden. Because of its attractive scent, the white jasmine symbolizes attachment and represents amiability and modesty.
Palestine
National flower of Palestine, Not official.
Palestine's national flower would be "Palestinian Poppy". Palestinian flowers reflect the country itself: its ancientness/antiquity, its gentleness, and the fact that it is at the same time part of the Mediterranean basin to the west and part of the vast desert to the east.
Philippines
The Philippines adopted the sampaguita (Arabian jasmine, Jasminum sambac) in 1934 as its national flower because it symbolises purity and cleanliness due to its colour and sweet smell.[4] It is popularly strung into garlands that are presented to visitors and dignitaries, and is a common offering to religious images.
Singapore
The national flower for Singapore is the orchid Vanda Miss Joaquim.
South Korea
Sri Lanka
Nymphaea nouchali is the national flower of Sri Lanka.
Sri Lanka – Nil mānel, blue-star water-lily (Nymphaea stellata).[15][16] Although nil means ‘blue’ in Sinhala, the Sinhalese name of this plant is often rendered as "water-lily" in English.
This beautiful aquatic flower appears in the Sigiriya frescoes and has been mentioned in ancient Sanskrit, Pali and Sinhala literary works. Buddhist lore in Sri Lanka claims that this flower was one of the 108 auspicious signs found on Prince Siddhartha's footprint.[17][18]
Taiwan
The national flower was officially designated as the plum blossom by the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China on July 21, 1964.[19] The plum blossom, known as the meihua (Chinese: 梅花; pinyin: méihuā), is symbol for resilience and perseverance in the face of adversity, because plum trees often bloom most vibrantly even during the harshest winters.[20][21] The triple grouping of stamens represents Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People, while the five petals symbolize the five branches of the government.[19][20]
Thailand
The national flower for Thailand is Golden Shower Tree (Cassia fistula), locally known as dok khuen or rachapruek.[4]
Turkey
Vietnam
Lotus – Floral emblem of India, Macau and Vietnam.
Europe
Albania
The floral emblem of Albania is the red and black poppy. The poppy can be found everywhere in the country, though they originate from Anatolia. Poppies are recognized for their beauty, medicinal value, and seeds. Its colors are red and black, just as in the flag of Albania.
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic
England
The Tudor rose.
Estonia
Faroe Islands
Finland
France
The Iris is the national flower of France as represented in Fleur-de-lis emblem, the symbol of French monarchy.
Germany
The cornflower (or cyani flower) became a German symbol for its Prussian blue color in the 19th century, although it is not as common as the Oak as a national plant.
Gibraltar
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
-
The shamrock (or trefoil) is widely used as an official symbol for Ireland.
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Macedonia
All three of them appear on the national emblem.
Malta
Monaco
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Scotland
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
The national flower of Spain is the carnation (clavel).
The national flower of Spain is considered to be the carnation (Spanish: clavel). Essentially it is associated with Spanish folklore, especially in southern Spain, or Andalusia.
In Spain and Hispanic America it symbolizes passion, and it is a very common gesture to hold the clavel between one's teeth. In the Spanish language of flowers represents caprice, passion and desire.
Switzerland
Ukraine
North America
Antigua and Barbuda
The national flower of Antigua and Barbuda is Agave karatto, also known as ‘dagger log’ or ‘batta log’.[26]
The Bahamas
The national flower of the Bahamas is the Yellow Elder (Tecoma stans).[27]
Barbados
The national flower of Barbados is the known locally as the Pride of Barbados (Caesalpinia pulcherrima).[28]
Belize
The national flower of Belize is the Black Orchid (Prosthechea cochleata)[29]
Bermuda
Canada
The maple leaf is widely used as a symbol for Canada. The maple tree was officially recognized as Canada's arboreal emblem in 1996.[30]
The official Provincial and Territorial floral emblems are:
-
Ontario: white trillium (Trillium grandiflorum), adopted in 1937[31]
-
Quebec: blue flag (Iris versicolor Linné), adopted in November 1999[32][33]
-
Nova Scotia: mayflower (Epigea repens), adopted in 1901[34]
-
New Brunswick: purple violet (Viola cucullata), adopted in 1936[35]
-
Manitoba: prairie crocus (Pulsatilla ludoviciana), adopted in 1906[36]
-
British Columbia: Pacific dogwood (Cornus nuttallii), adopted in 1956[37]
-
Prince Edward Island: lady's slipper (Cypripedium acaule), a species of orchid, adopted in 1947[38]
-
Saskatchewan: western red lily (Lilium philadelphicum L. var. andi num), adopted in 1941[39]
-
Alberta: wild rose (Rosa acicularis), also known as the prickly rose, adopted in 1930[40]
-
Newfoundland and Labrador: pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea L.), adopted in 1954. It was first chosen as a symbol of Newfoundland by Queen Victoria, and was used on the island's coinage until 1938.[41]
-
Northwest Territories: mountain avens (Dryas octopetala), adopted in 1957[42]
-
Yukon: fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium), adopted in 1957[43]
-
Nunavut: purple saxifrage (Saxifraga oppositifolia), unanimously adopted by the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut on May 1, 2000[44]
Many Canadian flags and coat of arms have floral emblems on them. The flag of Montreal has four floral emblems. On the right side of the flag of Saskatchewan overlapping both green and gold halves is the western red lily, the provincial floral emblem. The coat of arms of Port Coquitlam has the City's floral emblem, the azalea displayed on a collar. The coat of arms of Prince Edward Island displays Lady's Slippers, the floral emblem of the Island. The coat of arms of Nova Scotia has the trailing arbutus or mayflower, the floral emblem of Nova Scotia, added when the arms were reassumed in 1929.
Costa Rica
-
Costa Rica – Guaria morada (Guarianthe skinneri) Plays a role in local folk tradition. There are a number of color forms in addition to the typical orchid-lavender, notably alba and coerulea. Gur. skinneri is highly awarded with nearly thirty flower quality awards and numerous awards for culture. Of course, one of the most attractive characteristics of this orchid is that even un-awarded examples can put on a spectacular display.
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
The Bayahibe Rose, national flower of the Dominiican Republic.
The Dominican Republic's national flower was the flower of the caoba (mahogany tree, Swietenia mahagoni). In 2011, the mahogany was dubbed the national tree, vacating the national flower spot for the Bayahibe rose (Pereskia quisqueyana) in order to bring attention to its conservation.[45]
El Salvador
The national flower of El Salvador is the izote (yucca flower).
Guatemala
Haiti
-
Choeblack or rose kayenn (Hibiscus)[46][47]
Honduras
Jamaica
The national flower of Jamaica is the lignum vitae (Guaiacum officinale).[48]
Mexico
The national flower of Mexico, the Dahlia.
Nicaragua
Nicaragua's national flower is the sacuanjoche (Plumeria alba) since August 17, 1971. Its name is derived from the Nicarao, a Nahuatl-speaking tribe: xacuan (sacuan) means ‘beautiful yellow petals’ and xochilt (joche) means ‘flower’. The flower can be found in the Masaya Volcano National Park, among other places.
Panama
The national flower of Panama, the Holy Ghost Orchid (Peristeria elata).
Panama's national flower is the Holy Ghost Orchid (Peristeria elata), or the flor del Espiritu Santo. It is best known for its ivory color petals and beautiful blossoms.
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Trinidad and Tobago
-
Trinidad and Tobago – Chaconia (Warszewiczia coccinea)
United States
In 1986 President Ronald Reagan signed legislation to make the rose[49] the floral emblem of the United States.[50] In the United States, state flowers and trees have been adopted as symbols by state legislatures.
Oceania
Golden Wattle, the floral emblem of Australia since 1988
New Zealand's floral emblem, the Kowhai
Australia
The Golden Wattle (Acacia pycnantha) was officially proclaimed the floral emblem of Australia on 1 September 1988.[51]
French Polynesia
The Tahitian gardenia (tiare flower) is the national flower of Tahiti, French Polynesia and the Cook Islands.
Fiji
The national flower is tagimaucia (Medinilla waterhousei), a vine with red and white flowers endemic to the highlands of the island of Taveuni.
New Zealand
New Zealand does not have an official national flower however the Silver Fern (foliage) is acknowledged as a national emblem in New Zealand.[52] The Kowhai (Sophora spp., native trees with yellow cascading flowers) is usually regarded as the national flower. Other plant emblems are: Koru (a curled fern symbol) and the crimson-flowered Pohutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa), also called New Zealand's Christmas tree.
Tonga
The heilala (Garcinia sessilis) is Tonga's national flower. The name of Tonga's beauty pageant, the Heilala Festival, is taken from this flower. Resorts, as well as products, are also often named after this flower, such as the Heilala Lodge and Heilala Vanilla. The flower is also used in Tonga for medicinal and ornamental purposes.
South America
Argentina
The national flower of Argentina, and Uruguay.
The national flower of Argentina is the flower of the ceibo tree (Erythrina crista-galli), also known as seibo or bucaré[53]
Bolivia
Bolivian national flowers are the kantuta (Cantua buxifolia) and patujú (Heliconia rostrata).
Brazil
The nation flower of Brazil is the flower of the Golden Trumpet Tree (Handroanthus albus).
Chile
Copihue, the national flower of Chile
Colombia
Cattleya trianae is the national flower of Colombia and is the orchid which flowers in May. The May flower was chosen because the colors are the same as those of the Colombian flag.
Guyana
Peru
The national flower of Peru is the cantuta (also spelled kantuta or qantuta, from Quechua qantu). It can be found at the high valleys of the Andean territory, in Peru and Bolivia.
Paraguay
Uruguay
Venezuela
Subnational flowers
Australia
Norway
United Kingdom
Each of the four countries of the United Kingdom has a traditional floral emblem.
County flowers
A county flower is a flowering plant chosen to symbolise a county. They exist primarily in the United Kingdom, but some counties in other countries also have them.
One or two county flowers have a long history in England – the red rose of Lancashire dates from the Middle Ages, for instance. However, the county flower concept was only extended to cover the whole United Kingdom in 2002, as a promotional tool by a charity. In that year, the plant conservation charity Plantlife ran a competition to choose county flowers for all counties, to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II.
Plantlife's scheme is loosely based on Britain's historic counties, and so some current local government areas are not represented by a flower, and some of the counties included no longer exist as administrative areas. Flowers were also chosen for thirteen major cities: Belfast, Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool, London, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, Nottingham and Sheffield. The Isles of Scilly was also treated as a county (distinct from Cornwall) for the purpose of the scheme. The Isle of Man was included, even though it is not a county, but a self-governing territory outside of the United Kingdom with an existing national flower: the ragwort or cushag.[61] The Channel Islands were not included.
A total of 94 flowers was chosen in the competition. 85 of the 109 counties have a unique county flower, but several species were chosen by more than one county. Foxglove or Digitalis purpurea was chosen for four counties – Argyll, Birmingham, Leicestershire and Monmouthshire – more than any other species. The following species were chosen for three counties each:
And the following species were chosen for two counties:
In addition, Sticky Catchfly Lychnis viscaria was chosen for both Edinburgh and Midlothian, the county containing Edinburgh.
For most counties, native species were chosen, but for a small number of counties, non-natives were chosen, mainly archaeophytes. For example, Hampshire has a Tudor rose as its county flower, even though it is not a native species.
Unofficial flowers
Armenia
No plant or flower seems to be among the current official symbols.[62] Some flowering plants from the area include Althaea armeniaca, Armenian Basket, Muscari armeniacum, Armenian Poppy, Armenian vartig (vargit), and Tulipa armena.
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan currently has no official national flower. Traditionally, various regions have different designations where national symbols are concerned. Country's Shusha city named the Khari Bulbul (Xarıbülbül) the floral emblem of the Nagorno-Karabakh.[63]
China
China currently has no official national flower. Traditionally, various regions have different designations where national symbols are concerned.
In 1903, the Qing Dynasty named the peony (牡丹) the floral emblem of the nation. The peony has long been considered a flower of wealth and honor in China.
The puppet state Manchukuo followed Japan's model of dual floral emblems: the "spring orchid" (Cymbidium goeringii) for the Emperor and the imperial household, and the sorghum blossom (Sorghum bicolor) for the state and the nation.
The plum blossom, meihua (Chinese: 梅花; pinyin: méihuā), has also been one of the most beloved flowers in Chinese culture. The Republic of China government named the plum blossom as the national flower in 1964.[19] The plum blossom is symbol for resilience and perseverance in the face of adversity, because plum blossoms often bloom most vibrantly even amidst the harsh winter snow.[19][20][21]
The People's Republic of China, which has controlled mainland China since 1949, has no official floral emblem. There have been several petitions in recent years to officially adopt one. However, the government has not taken any action yet. A poll in 2005 showed that 41% of the public supports peony as the national flower while 36% supported the plum blossom.[64] Some scholars have suggested that the peony and plum blossoms may be designated as dual national flowers. In addition, the orchid, jasmine, daffodil and chrysanthemum have also been held as possible floral symbols of China.
Denmark
Denmark has no official floral emblem. The
-
Plantlife County flowers page
-
BBC coverage of the county flowers competition
-
Provincial Floral Emblems of Canada - The Canadian Encyclopedia
-
National Flowers
-
The Flower Expert List of national flowers by country
-
Buzzle.com List of national flowers by country
External links
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^ http://www.gov.mu/portal/abtmtius?content_id=7c690d31693c8010VgnVCM100000ca6a12acRCRD
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^ "Constitution of Bangladesh – Chapter I". Archived from the original on 2008-03-30. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
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^ http://www.supremecourt.gov.bd/scweb/constitution/pdf/04_part1-4.pdf
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^ a b c d e f g h "ASEAN National Flowers". ASEAN. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
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^ "ROYAL DECREE on Designation of Animals and Plants as National Symbols of the Kingdom of Cambodia" (PDF). Forestry Administration of Cambodia. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
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^ "The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Published on the Internet". The Plant List. July 4, 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
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^ The Encyclopedia of religion, Volume 9, page-30
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^ http://www.asean.org/18203.htm
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^ Keputusan Presiden No. 4 Tahun 1993
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^ הכלנית: הזוכה בתחרות "הפרח של ישראל", ynet, November 25th, 2013.
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^ Lian, Michelle. "Hibiscus – Malaysia's national pride". AllMalaysia.info.
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^ [4]
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^ "Plants, Animals and Birds of Nepal". Nepal Vista. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
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^ North Korea Quarterly. Institute of Asian Affairs. 1988.
...Rose of Sharon is no longer the national flower, as in South Korea, but "mongnan" (magnolia). It is because [the rose of Sharon] cannot be grown for next generations with seeds, while [magnolia] can be.
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^ "Sri Lanka National Flower". gov.lk.
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^ Zeylanica (Nymphaea stellata)
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^ TokyoNet - National Statistics
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^ [5]
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^ a b c d Government Information Office, Republic of China - National Flower
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^ a b c National Flag, Anthem and Flower
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^ a b "The Three Friends of Winter: Paintings of Pine, Plum, and Bamboo from the Museum Collection". Taipei:
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^ http://www.li.lv/index.php?Itemid=1065&id=65&option=com_content&task=view
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^ "National Symbols". Government of Antigua & Barbuda.
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^ "The Yellow Elder – The National Flower of the Bahamas". The Government of The Bahamas.
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^ "The National Flower of Barbados". The Government of Barbados.
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^ "National Symbols". Government of Belize. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
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^ "Official symbols of Canada". Government of Canada. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
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^ "Ontario". Government of Canada. 2013-08-13. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
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^ "Quebec". Government of Canada. 2013-08-13. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
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^ "L'iris versicolore". Gouvernement du Québec. 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
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^ "Nova Scotia". Government of Canada. 2013-08-13. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
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^ "New Brunswick". Government of Canada. 2013-08-28. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
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^ "Manitoba". Government of Canada. 2013-08-20. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
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^ "British Columbia". Government of Canada. 2013-08-13. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
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^ "Prince Edward Island". Government of Canada. 2013-09-04. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
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^ "Saskatchewan". Government of Canada. 2013-08-20. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
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^ "Alberta". Government of Canada. 2013-08-13. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
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^ "Northwest Territories". Government of Canada. 2013-09-04. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
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^ "Yukon". Government of Canada. 2013-09-04. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
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^ "Nunavut". Government of Canada. 2013-09-04. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
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^ "The Rose of Bayahibe, our national flower". Dominican Central. July 17, 2011.
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^ Embassy of the Republic of Haiti: National Symbols
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^ Graves, Kerry A. (2002). "Haiti". p. 57.
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^ "National Symbols of Jamaica". jis.gov.jm. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
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^ http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/National_Symbols/National_flower.html
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^ National Flower of United States - Fresh from the Grower
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^ "Australia's Floral Emblem". Australian National Botanic Gardens.
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^ Nationhood and identity teara.govt.nz
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^ "About Argentina". www.argentina.gov.ar.
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^ Chorima
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^ Østfold
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^ Troms
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^ National Flowers of the UK, 10 Downing Street. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
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^ http://www.gov.im/isleofman/facts.xml#flower
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^ "State symbols of the Republic of Armenia". Website of the President of Armenia.
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^ Monument to Khari bulbul to be erected in Turkey
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^ 民众呼吁尽快确定国花 梅花还是牡丹引起激辩 (Chinese: The public calls for speedy designation of national flower; debates between plum blossom and peony)
-
^ Danish Nature Agency (Danish)
-
^ http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.hoy.com.ec/noticias-ecuador/de-simbolos-patrios-455760.html&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.hoy.com.ec/noticias-ecuador/de-simbolos-patrios-455760.html%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1252%26bih%3D566
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^ http://www.holland.com/uk/press/story-ideas/flowers-gardens/holland-loves-flowers.htm
References
See also
While the Netherlands does not have an official national flower, the tulip is widely considered to be its national flower.[67]
Netherlands
A de facto national flower for Japan for many is the sakura (cherry blossom), while a stylised depiction of a chrysanthemum is used as the official emblem of the imperial family. The paulownia blossom was also used by the imperial family in the past, but has since been appropriated by the Prime Minister and the government in general.
Japan's national government has never formally named a national flower, as with other symbols such as the green pheasant, which was named as national bird by a non-government body in 1947. In 1999, the national flag and anthem were standardised by law.
Japan
No flower has been officially declared as a national symbol. Unofficially the rose and the orchid are claimed to hold that title.[66]
Ecuador
Denmark has never used a floral emblem.
[65]
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