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Ernst Karl Abbe (23 January 1840 – 14 January 1905) was a German physicist, optical scientist, entrepreneur, and social reformer. Together with Otto Schott and Carl Zeiss, he laid the foundation of modern optics. Abbe developed numerous optical instruments. He was a co-owner of Carl Zeiss AG, a German manufacturer of research microscopes, astronomical telescopes, planetariums and other optical systems.
Abbe was born 23 January 1840 in
Abbe was a pioneer in optics, lens design, and microscopy, and an authority of his time. He left us with numerous publications of his findings, inventions, and discoveries. Below is a list of publications he authored including many links to the scanned Google Books pages.
The crater Abbe on the Moon was named in his honour.
[13].Schriften der Heidelberger Aktionsgruppe zur Demokratie und Zum Freien Sozialismus in the 1947 book Alfred Weber state as a model and idealized by Prussian His social views were so respected as to be used by the [5] During his association with
In order to produce high quality objectives, Abbe made significant contributions to the diagnosis and correction of optical aberrations, both spherical aberration and coma aberration, which is required for an objective to reach the resolution limit of Eq. 1. In addition to spherical aberration, Abbe discovered that the rays in optical systems must have constant angular magnification over their angular distribution to produce a diffraction limited spot, a principle known as the Abbe sine condition.[9] So monumental and advanced were Abbe's calculations and achievements that Frits Zernike based his phase contrast work that he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1953, and Hans Busch used them to work on the development of the electron microscope.[4]
In 1876, Abbe was offered a partnership by Zeiss and began to share in the considerable profits.[4] Although the first theoretical derivations of Eq. 1 were published by others, it is fair to say that Abbe was the first to reach this conclusion experimentally. In 1878, he built the first homogenous immersion system for the microscope.[2] The objectives that the Abbe Zeiss collaboration were producing were of ideal ray geometry, allowing Abbe to find that the aperture sets the upper limit of microscopic resolution, not the curvature and placement of the lenses. Abbe's first publication of Eq. 1 occurred in 1882.[12] In this publication, Abbe states that both his theoretical and experimental investigations confirmed Eq. 1. Abbe's contemporary Henry Edward Fripp, English translator of Abbe's and Helmholtz's papers, puts their contributions on equal footing. He also perfected the interference method by Fizeau, in 1884.[2] Abbe, Zeiss, Zeiss' son, Roderich Zeiss, and Otto Schott formed, in 1884, Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Genossen. This company, which in time would in essence merge with Zeiss Optical Works, was responsible for research and production of 44 initial types of optical glass.[7] Working with telescopes, he built image reversal system in 1895.[2]
although in a publication in 1874 by Helmholtz[10] (another early appearance of this formula), Helmholtz states this formula was first derived by Joseph Louis Lagrange, who had died 61 years prior. Helmholz was so impressed as to offer a professorship at the University of Berlin, which he refused due to his ties to Zeiss.[4] Abbe was in the camp of the wide aperturists, arguing that microscopic resolution is ultimately limited by the aperture of the optics, but also argued that depending on application there are other parameters that should be weighted over the aperture in the design of objectives. In Abbe's 1874 paper, titled "A Contribution to the Theory of the Microscope and the nature of Microscopic Vision",[11] Abbe states that the resolution of a microscope is inversely dependent on its aperture, but without proposing a formula for the resolution limit of a microscope.
d = \frac{\lambda}{2 NA}
(Eq. 1)
Abbe is credited by many for discovering the resolution limit of the microscope, and the formula (published in 1873)
Abbe was the first to define the term numerical aperture,[9] as the sine of the half angle multiplied by the refractive index of the medium filling the space between the cover glass and front lens.
In 1866, he became a research director at the Zeiss Optical Works, and in 1868 he invented the apochromatic lens, a microscope lens which eliminates both the primary and secondary color distortion.[5] By 1870, Abbe invented the Abbe condenser, used for microscope illumination.[5] In 1871, he designed the first refractometer, which he described in a booklet published in 1874.[6][2] He developed the laws of image of non-luminous objects by 1872.[2] Zeiss Optical Works began selling his improved microscopes in 1872, by 1877 they were selling microscopes with homogenous immersion objective, and in 1886 hi apochromatic objective microscopes were being sold.[7] He created the Abbe number, a measure of any transparent material's variation of refractive index with wavelength and Abbe's criterion, which tests the hypothesis, that a systematic trend exists in a set of observations (in terms of resolving power this criterion stipulates that an angular separation cannot be less than the ratio of the wavelength to the aperture diameter, see angular resolution).[8] Already a professor in Jena, he was hired by Carl Zeiss to improve the manufacturing process of optical instruments, which back then was largely based on trial and error.
[1]. He also was a member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences. He was relieved of his teaching duties at the University of Jena in 1891. Abbe died 14 January 1905 in Jena.Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities In 1889, he became a member of the [nb 2][5] in 1878.Jena astronomical and meteorological observatory He became director of the [2] He attained full professor status by 1879.[2] with whom he had two daughters.[nb 1] In 1871, he married Else Snell, daughter of the mathematician and physicist Karl Snell, one of Abbe's teachers,[5][1] in Jena.mathematics and mechanics, physics of experimental professor On 8 August 1863 he qualified as a university lecturer at the University of Jena. In 1870, he accepted a contract as an associate [4] in 1824 and still exists today).Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (an association of citizens interested in physics and chemistry that was founded by Frankfurt and at Physikalischer Verein in observatoryThis was followed by two short assignments at the Göttingen [4].Göttingen seven, who also happened to be one of the Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Bernhard Riemann While at school, he was influenced by [3] in Göttingen on 23 March 1861.PhD During his time as a student, Abbe gave private lessons to improve his income. His father's employer continued to fund him. Abbe was awarded his [1] (1859–1861).Göttingen (1857–1859) and Jena By the time he left school, his scientific talent and his strong will had already become obvious. Thus, in spite of the family's strained financial situation, his father decided to support Abbe's studies at the Universities of [3] He came from a humble home — his father was a foreman in a spinnery. Supported by his father's employer, Abbe was able to attend secondary school and to obtain the general qualification for university entrance with fairly good grades, at the Eisenach Gymnasium, which he graduated from in 1857.[2]
Berlin, North Rhine-Westphalia, Hamburg, France, United Kingdom
Heinrich Heine, Brothers Grimm, Germany, Lower Saxony, Coimbra Group
Germany, Erfurt, Weimar, Gera, Thuringia
Sony, Jena, Cosina, Contax, Kyocera
Germany, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Albert Einstein, Johannes Kepler, Morphine
Moon, Germany, Selenographic coordinates, Ernst Abbe, Diameter
Switzerland, Germany, Zurich, University of Jena, Carbon