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Channel capacity

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 Title: Channel capacity Author: World Heritage Encyclopedia Language: English Subject: Collection: Publisher: World Heritage Encyclopedia Publication Date:

Channel capacity

In electrical engineering, computer science and information theory, channel capacity is the tight upper bound on the rate at which information can be reliably transmitted over a communications channel. By the noisy-channel coding theorem, the channel capacity of a given channel is the limiting information rate (in units of information per unit time) that can be achieved with arbitrarily small error probability.[1][2]

Information theory, developed by Claude E. Shannon during World War II, defines the notion of channel capacity and provides a mathematical model by which one can compute it. The key result states that the capacity of the channel, as defined above, is given by the maximum of the mutual information between the input and output of the channel, where the maximization is with respect to the input distribution.[3]

Contents

• Formal definition 1
• Shannon capacity of a graph 2
• Noisy-channel coding theorem 3
• Example application 4
• Channel capacity in wireless communications 5
• AWGN channel 5.1
• Frequency-selective channel 5.2
• References 8

Formal definition

Let X and Y be the random variables representing the input and output of the channel, respectively. Let p_{Y|X}(y|x) be the conditional distribution function of Y given X, which is an inherent fixed property of the communications channel. Then the choice of the marginal distribution p_X(x) completely determines the joint distribution p_{X,Y}(x,y) due to the identity

\ p_{X,Y}(x,y)=p_{Y|X}(y|x)\,p_X(x)

which, in turn, induces a mutual information I(X;Y). The channel capacity is defined as

\ C = \sup_{p_X(x)} I(X;Y)\,

where the supremum is taken over all possible choices of p_X(x).

Shannon capacity of a graph

If G is an undirected graph, it can be used to define a communications channel in which the symbols are the graph vertices, and two codewords may be confused with each other if their symbols in each position are equal or adjacent. The computational complexity of finding the Shannon capacity of such a channel remains open, but it can be upper bounded by another important graph invariant, the Lovász number.[4]

Noisy-channel coding theorem

The noisy-channel coding theorem states that for any ε > 0 and for any transmission rate R less than the channel capacity C, there is an encoding and decoding scheme transmitting data at rate R whose error probability is less than ε, for a sufficiently large block length. Also, for any rate greater than the channel capacity, the probability of error at the receiver goes to one as the block length goes to infinity.

Example application

An application of the channel capacity concept to an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel with B Hz bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio S/N is the Shannon–Hartley theorem:

C = B \log_2 \left( 1+\frac{S}{N} \right)\

C is measured in bits per second if the logarithm is taken in base 2, or nats per second if the natural logarithm is used, assuming B is in hertz; the signal and noise powers S and N are measured in watts or volts2, so the signal-to-noise ratio here is expressed as a power ratio, not in decibels (dB); since figures are often cited in dB, a conversion may be needed. For example, 30 dB is a power ratio of 10^{30/10} = 10^3 = 1000.

Channel capacity in wireless communications

This section[5] focuses on the single-antenna, point-to-point scenario. For channel capacity in systems with multiple antennas, see the article on MIMO.

AWGN channel

If the average received power is \bar{P} [W] and the noise power spectral density is N_0 [W/Hz], the AWGN channel capacity is

C_{\text{AWGN}}=W\log_2\left(1+\frac{\bar{P}}{N_0 W}\right) [bits/s],

where \frac{\bar{P}}{N_0 W} is the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This result is known as the Shannon–Hartley theorem.[6]

When the SNR is large (SNR >> 0 dB), the capacity C\approx W\log_2 \frac{\bar{P}}{N_0 W} is logarithmic in power and approximately linear in bandwidth. This is called the bandwidth-limited regime.

When the SNR is small (SNR << 0 dB), the capacity C\approx \frac{\bar{P}}{N_0} \log_2 e is linear in power but insensitive to bandwidth. This is called the power-limited regime.

The bandwidth-limited regime and power-limited regime are illustrated in the figure.

AWGN channel capacity with the power-limited regime and bandwidth-limited regime indicated. Here, \frac{\bar{P}}{N_o}=10^6.

Frequency-selective channel

The capacity of the frequency-selective channel is given by so-called water filling power allocation,

C_{N_c}=\sum_{n=0}^{N_c-1} \log_2 \left(1+\frac{P_n^* |\bar{h}_n|^2}{N_0} \right),

where P_n^*=\max \left (\left(\frac{1}{\lambda}-\frac{N_0}{|\bar{h}_n|^2} \right),0 \right) and |\bar{h}_n|^2 is the gain of subchannel n, with \lambda chosen to meet the power constraint.

In a slow-fading channel, where the coherence time is greater than the latency requirement, there is no definite capacity as the maximum rate of reliable communications supported by the channel, \log_2 (1+|h|^2 SNR), depends on the random channel gain |h|^2, which is unknown to the transmitter. If the transmitter encodes data at rate R [bits/s/Hz], there is a non-zero probability that the decoding error probability cannot be made arbitrarily small,

p_{out}=\mathbb{P}(\log(1+|h|^2 SNR),

in which case the system is said to be in outage. With a non-zero probability that the channel is in deep fade, the capacity of the slow-fading channel in strict sense is zero. However, it is possible to determine the largest value of R such that the outage probability p_{out} is less than \epsilon. This value is known as the \epsilon-outage capacity.