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In linguistics, a calque () or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word (Latin: verbum pro verbo) or root-for-root translation.
Used as a verb, to calque means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components so as to create a new lexeme in the target language.
Calque is a loanword from a French noun, and derives from the verb calquer (to trace, to copy).[1] The word “Loanword” is a calque of the German word Lehnwort, just as “loan translation” is a calque of Lehnübersetzung.[2]
Proving that a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than does an untranslated loanword because, in some cases, a similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. This is less likely to be the case when the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the borrowing language or when the calque contains less obvious imagery.
Calquing is distinct from phono-semantic matching.[3] While calquing includes semantic translation, it does not consist of phonetic matching (i.e. retaining the approximate sound of the borrowed word through matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existing word or morpheme in the target language).
One system classifies calques into five groups:[4]
This terminology is not universal. Some authors call a morpheme-by-morpheme translation a "morphological calque".[5]
The common English phrase flea market is a phraseological calque of the French marché aux puces 'market with fleas',[6] as are the German Flohmarkt, Dutch vlooienmarkt, Serbian buvlja pijaca, Czech bleší trh, Finnish kirpputori, Hungarian bolhapiac and so on.
An example of a morpheme-by-morpheme loan-translation is French gratte-ciel 'scrapes-sky', from English "skyscraper". Similarly:
The word translation, etymologically, means a "carrying across" or "bringing across": the Latin translatio derives from trans, "across" + latus, "borne".[7]
Some European languages have calqued their words for the concept of "translation" on the kindred Latin traducere ("to lead across" or "to bring across", from trans, "across" + ducere, "to lead" or "to bring").[7]
European languages of the Romance, Germanic and Slavic branches have calqued their terms for the concept of translation on these Latin models.[7]
Bible, Latin, Literal translation, Language, Culture
French language, Colombia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Catalan language
Germany, European Union, S, Namibia, Switzerland
Bulgaria, Macedonian language, Turkish language, Serbia, Indo-European languages
French language, Canada, World War I, Calque, Opera
France, English language, Quebec, Tennis, Calque
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French language, Slang, Quebec French, Canadian French, France