Calque

In linguistics, a calque () or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word (Latin: verbum pro verbo) or root-for-root translation.

Used as a verb, to calque means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components so as to create a new lexeme in the target language.

Calque is a loanword from a French noun, and derives from the verb calquer (to trace, to copy).^[1] The word “Loanword” is a calque of the German word Lehnwort, just as “loan translation” is a calque of Lehnübersetzung.^[2]

Proving that a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than does an untranslated loanword because, in some cases, a similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. This is less likely to be the case when the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the borrowing language or when the calque contains less obvious imagery.

Calquing is distinct from phono-semantic matching.^[3] While calquing includes semantic translation, it does not consist of phonetic matching (i.e. retaining the approximate sound of the borrowed word through matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existing word or morpheme in the target language).

Types of calque

One system classifies calques into five groups:^[4]

• the semantic calque, where additional meanings of the source word are transferred to the word with the same primary meaning in the target language;
• the phraseological calque, where idiomatic phrases are translated word-for-word;
• the syntactic calque, where a syntactic function or construction in the source language is imitated in the target language;
• the loan-translation, where a word is translated morpheme-by-morpheme into another language;
• the morphological calque, where the inflection of a word is transferred.

This terminology is not universal. Some authors call a morpheme-by-morpheme translation a "morphological calque".^[5]

Examples

Flea market

The common English phrase flea market is a phraseological calque of the French marché aux puces 'market with fleas',^[6] as are the German Flohmarkt, Dutch vlooienmarkt, Serbian buvlja pijaca, Czech bleší trh, Finnish kirpputori, Hungarian bolhapiac and so on.

Skyscraper

An example of a morpheme-by-morpheme loan-translation is French gratte-ciel 'scrapes-sky', from English "skyscraper". Similarly:

Translation

The word translation, etymologically, means a "carrying across" or "bringing across": the Latin translatio derives from trans, "across" + latus, "borne".^[7]

Some European languages have calqued their words for the concept of "translation" on the kindred Latin traducere ("to lead across" or "to bring across", from trans, "across" + ducere, "to lead" or "to bring").^[7]

European languages of the Romance, Germanic and Slavic branches have calqued their terms for the concept of translation on these Latin models.^[7]

See also

Notes

References

• Christopher Kasparek, "The Translator's Endless Toil", The Polish Review, vol. XXVIII, no. 2, 1983, pp. 83–87.
• Robb: German English Words germanenglishwords.com
• Ghil'ad Zuckermann, "Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns", Journal of Language Contact, Varia 2, 2009, pp. 40–67.
• Ghil'ad Zuckermann, Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.

External links

• EtymOnline
• Merriam Webster Online