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Abaza language

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Title: Abaza language  
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Subject: Northwest Caucasian languages, Abazins, Adyghe language, Abkhaz language, Kabardian language
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Abaza language

Abaza
Абаза Бызшва, Abaza Byzšwa
Native to Russia, Turkey
Region Karachay-Cherkessia
Ethnicity Abazins
Native speakers
50,000  (1995–2010)[1]
Official status
Official language in
 Karachay-Cherkessia (Russia)
Language codes
ISO 639-3 abq
Glottolog abaz1241[2]

The Abaza language (Абаза Бызшва, Abaza Byzšwa; Adyghe: Абазэбзэ) is a language of the Caucasus mountains in the Russian Karachay–Cherkess Republic spoken by the Abazins. It consists of two dialects, the Ashkherewa dialect and the T'ap'anta dialect, which is the literary standard.

Abaza is spoken by approximately 35,000 people in Russia, where it is written in a Cyrillic alphabet, as well as another 10,000 in Turkey, where the Latin script is used.

Abaza, like its relatives in the family of Northwest Caucasian languages, is highly agglutinative and has a large consonantal inventory (63 phonemes) coupled with a minimal vowel inventory (two vowels). It is very closely related to Abkhaz,[3] but it preserves a few phonemes which Abkhaz lacks, such as a voiced pharyngeal fricative. Work on Abaza has been carried out by W. S. Allen, Brian O'Herin, and John Colarusso.

Phonology

Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
central lateral plain pal. lab. plain pal. lab. plain pal. lab. plain lab.
Plosive voiceless p t k kʲ kʷ qχ qχʲ qχʷ ʔ
voiced b d ɡ ɡʲ ɡʷ
ejective pʼ tʼ kʼ kʲʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʲʼ qʷʼ
Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡ʃ t͡ɕ t͡ʃʷ
voiced d͡z d͡ʒ d͡ʑ d͡ʒʷ
ejective t͡sʼ t͡ʃʼ t͡ɕʼ t͡ʃʷʼ
Fricative voiceless f s ɬ ʃ ɕ ʃʷ χ χʲ χʷ ħ ħʷ
voiced v z ɮ ʒ ʑ ʒʷ ʁ ʁʲ ʁʷ ʕ ʕʷ
ejective fʼ ɬʼ
Nasal m n
Approximant l j
Trill r

The vowels /o, a, u/ may have a /j/ in front of it.

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e ə o
Open a

Orthography

А а
[a] 		Б б
[b] 		В в
[v] 		Г г
[ɡ] 		Гв гв
[ɡʷ] 		Гъ гъ
[ɣ] 		Гъв гъв
[ɣʷ] 		Гъь гъь
[ɣʲ]
Гь гь
[ɡʲ] 		ГӀ гӀ
[ʕ] 		ГӀв гӀв
[ʕʷ] 		Д д
[d] 		Дж дж
[d͡ʒ] 		Джв джв
[d͡ʒʷ] 		Джь джь
[d͡ʑ] 		Дз дз
[d͡z]
Е е
[e] 		Ё ё
[jo] 		Ж ж
[ʒ] 		Жв жв
[ʒʷ] 		Жь жь
[ʑ] 		И и
[i] 		Й й
[j] 		К к
[k]
Кв кв
[kʷ] 		Къ къ
[qʼ] 		Къв къв
[qʷʼ] 		Къь къь
[qʼʲ] 		Кь кь
[kʲ] 		КӀ кӀ
[kʼ] 		КӀв кӀв
[kʷʼ] 		КӀь кӀь
[kʲʼ]
Л л
[l] 		Ль ль
[ɮ] 		ЛӀ лӀ
[ɬʼ] 		М м
[m] 		Н н
[n] 		О о
[o] 		П п
[p] 		ПӀ пӀ
[pʼ]
Р р
[r] 		С с
[s] 		Т т
[t] 		Тл тл
[ɬ] 		Тш тш
[t͡ʃ] 		ТӀ тӀ
[tʼ] 		У у
[u/w] 		Ф ф
[f]
ФӀ фӀ
[fʼ] 		Х х
[x] 		Хв хв
[xʷ] 		Хъ хъ
[q] 		Хъв хъв
[qʷ] 		Хь хь
[xʲ] 		ХӀ хӀ
[ħ] 		ХӀв хӀв
[ħʷ]
Ц ц
[t͡s] 		ЦӀ цӀ
[t͡sʼ] 		Ч ч
[t͡ɕ] 		Чв чв
[t͡ʃʷ] 		ЧӀ чӀ
[t͡ɕʼ] 		ЧӀв чӀв
[t͡ʃʷʼ] 		Ш ш
[ʃ] 		Шв шв
[ʃʷ]
ШӀ шӀ
[t͡ʃʼ] 		Щ щ
[ɕ] 		Ъ ъ
[ʔ] 		Э э
[e] 		Ю ю
[ju] 		Я я
[ja]

References

  1. ^ Abaza at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
  2. ^ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Abaza". Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. 
  3. ^ Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abkhaz". Encyclopedia Britannica. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. p. 33.  
  • Генко А. Н. Абазинский язык. Грамматический очерк наречия Тапанта. Москва-Лениград: АН СССР, 1955. (Russian)
  • Ломтатидзе К. В. Тапантский диалект абхазского языка (с текстами). Тбилиси: Издательство Академии Наук Грузинской ССР, 1944. (Russian)
  • Ломтатидзе К. В. Ашхарский диалект и его место среди других абхазско-абазинских диалектов. С текстами. Тбилиси: Издательство Академии Наук Грузинской ССР, 1954. (Russian)
  • Мальбахова-Табулова Н. Т. Грамматика абазинского языка. Фонетика и морфология. Черкесск, 1976. (Russian)
  • Чирикба В. А. Абазинский язык. В: Языки Российской Федерации и Соседних Государств. Энциклопедия. В трех томах. Т. 1. A-И. Москва: Наука, 1998, с. 1-8. (Russian)
  • Allen, W.S. Structure and system in the Abaza verbal complex. In: Transactions of the Philological Society (Hertford), Oxford, 1956, p. 127-176.
  • Bouda K. Das Abasinische, eine unbekannte abchasische Mundart. In: ZDMG, BD. 94, H. 2 (Neue Folge, Bd. 19), Berlin-Leipzig, 1940, S. 234—250. (German)
  • O’Herin, B. Case and agreement in Abaza. Summer Institute of Linguistics, September 2002.

External links

  • Entry for Abaza at EKI's KNAB
  • Entry for Abaza at Omniglot
  • Ancient Adyghe Abkhaz–Abaza Ubykh alphabet
  • The first in the world Abaza–Russian and Russian–Abaza online dictionaries
  • Abaza basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database


Italics indicate extinct languages
Federal language
State languages of federal subjects
Languages with official status
Scripts
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