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Outline of prehistoric technology

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Outline of prehistoric technology

Acheulean hand axes from Kent. The types shown are (clockwise from top) cordate, ficron and ovate. It was the longest-used tool of human history.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to prehistoric technology.

Prehistoric technology – technology that predates recorded history. History is the study of the past using written records; it is also the record itself. Anything prior to the first written accounts of history is prehistoric (meaning "before history"), including earlier technologies. About 2.5 million years before writing was developed, technology began with the earliest hominids who used stone tools, which they may have used to start fires, hunt, cut food, and bury their dead.

Contents

  • Nature of prehistoric technology 1
  • Old World prehistoric technology 2
    • Stone Age technology in the Old World 2.1
      • Paleolithic technology 2.1.1
      • Lower Paleolithic technology 2.1.2
        • Middle Paleolithic technology 2.1.2.1
        • Upper Paleolithic Revolution 2.1.2.2
      • Mesolithic technology 2.1.3
      • Neolithic Revolution 2.1.4
    • Prehistoric Bronze Age technology in the Old World 2.2
    • Prehistoric Iron Age technology in the Old World 2.3
    • End of prehistory and the beginning of history 2.4
      • Transition from proto-writing to true writing 2.4.1
  • Prehistoric technology of the Americas 3
    • Lithic technology 3.1
    • Archaic period technology 3.2
    • Formative stage technology 3.3
  • Prehistoric technologies by type 4
    • Primitive skills 4.1
      • Prehistoric art 4.1.1
      • Domestication of animals 4.1.2
      • Language / numbers 4.1.3
      • Prehistoric fishing 4.1.4
      • Prehistoric hunting 4.1.5
      • Prehistoric mining 4.1.6
      • Prehistoric medicine 4.1.7
    • Prehistoric tools 4.2
      • Prehistoric clothing 4.2.1
      • Stone Age tools 4.2.2
      • Prehistoric weapons 4.2.3
  • Gallery 5
  • See also 6
  • References 7
  • Further reading 8
  • External links 9

Nature of prehistoric technology

Prehistoric technology can be described as:

  • Prehistoric – "before we had written records," from the Latin word for "before," præ. Prehistory is the span of time before recorded history, that is, before the invention of writing systems.
  • Technology – making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, and methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a preexisting solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied input/output relation or perform a specific function.

Old World prehistoric technology

  • Three-age system – in archaeology and physical anthropology, the periodization of human prehistory into three consecutive time periods, each named after the main material used in its respective tool-making technologies: the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age.
  • Beginning of prehistoric technology – the earliest technology began (2.5 million years) before recorded history, that is, at the beginning of the Stone Age.
  • Latest prehistoric technology – the level of technology reached before true writing was introduced differed by region (and usually included proto-writing)...
    • Latest prehistoric technology in the Near East – cultures in the Near East achieved the development of writing first, during their Bronze Age.
    • Latest prehistoric technology in the rest of the Old World: Europe, India, and China reached Iron Age technological development before the introduction of writing there.

Stone Age technology in the Old World

  • Stone Age – broad prehistoric period, lasting roughly 2.5 million years, during which stone was widely used in the manufacture of implements with a sharp edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The period began with hominids and ended between 6000 and 2000 BCE with the advent of metalworking.

Paleolithic technology

  • Paleolithic – prehistoric period of human history distinguished by the development of the most primitive stone tools discovered (Grahame Clark's Modes I and II), and covers roughly 99% of human technological prehistory.

Lower Paleolithic technology

Middle Paleolithic technology
  • Middle Paleolithic period – in Europe and the Near East during which the Neanderthals lived (c. 300,000–28,000 years ago). Their technology is mainly the Mousterian. The earliest evidence (Mungo Man) of settlement in Australia dates to around 40,000 years ago when modern humans likely crossed from Asia by island-hopping. The Bhimbetka rock shelters exhibit the earliest traces of human life in India, some of which are approximately 30,000 years old.
    • Homo neanderthalensis
      • Stone tools – homo neanderthalensis used Mousterian stone tools that date back to around 300,000 years ago[12] and include smaller, knife-like and scraper tools.
      • Burials – homo neanderthalensis buried their dead, doing so in shallow graves along with stone tools and animal bones, although the reasons and significance of the burials are disputed.[13][14]
    • Homo sapiens – the only living species in the Homo genus originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago. Greater mental capability and ability to walk erect provided freed hands for manipulating objects, which allowed for far greater use of tools.[15]
      • Art of the Middle Paleolithic –
      • Burial – intentional burial, particularly with grave goods, may be one of the earliest detectable forms of religious practice since it may signify a "concern for the dead that transcends daily life."[16] The earliest undisputed human burial so far dates back 130,000 years. Human skeletal remains stained with red ochre were discovered in the Skhul cave at Qafzeh, Israel with a variety of grave goods.[17]
Upper Paleolithic Revolution

Mesolithic technology

  • Mesolithic – the transitional period between the Paleolithic hunter-gatherers, beginning with the Holocene warm period around 11,660 BP and ending with the Neolithic introduction of farming, the date of which varied in each geographical region. Adaptation was required during this period due to climate changes that affected environment and the types of available food.

Neolithic Revolution

  • Neolithic Revolution – first agricultural revolution, representing a transition from hunting and gathering nomadic life to an agriculture existence. It evolved independently in six separate locations worldwide circa 10,000–7000 years BP (8,000–5,000 BC). The earliest known evidence exists in the tropical and subtropical areas of southwestern/southern Asia, northern/central Africa and Central America.[28]
    • Defining characteristics
    • Other
      • Architecture – included houses and villages built of mud-brick and wattle and daub and the construction of storage facilities, tombs and monuments.[30]
      • Metalworking – copper use began as early as 9000 BC in the Middle East;[31] and a copper pendant found in northern Iraq dated to 8700 BCE.[32]
      • Numeric counting – record keeping evolved from a system of counting using small clay tokens that began in Sumer about 8000 BCE.[33]
      • Proto-writing – ideographic and/or early mnemonic symbols used to convey information, probably devoid of direct linguistic content. These systems emerged in the early Neolithic period, as early as the 7th millennium BCE.
        • Neolithic signs in Europe
        • Neolithic signs in China – at a range of Neolithic sites in China, small numbers of symbols of either pictorial or simple geometric nature have been unearthed which were incised into or drawn or painted on artifacts, mostly on pottery but in some instances on turtle shells, animal bones or artifacts made from bone or jade.
      • Stone tools – ground and polished tools were created during the Neolithic period.[29]
      • Religious structures – such as the Göbekli Tepe built about 12,000 years ago.
      • Wheel – in the late Neolithic period, the wheel was introduced for making pottery.[35]

Prehistoric Bronze Age technology in the Old World

Prehistoric Iron Age technology in the Old World

  • Iron Age – age characterized by the widespread use of iron or steel, which coincided with other changes in society, including differing agricultural practices, religious beliefs and artistic styles.
    • Tools – best tools and weapons were made from steel.

End of prehistory and the beginning of history

Transition from proto-writing to true writing

  • General developmental stages leading from proto-writing to true writing:
    • Picture writing system: glyphs directly represent objects and ideas or objective and ideational situations. In connection with this the following substages may be distinguished:
    • The mnemonic: glyphs primarily a reminder;
    • The pictographic (pictography): glyphs represent directly an object or an objective situation such as (A) chronological, (B) notices, (C) communications, (D) totems, titles, and names, (E) religious, (F) customs, (G) historical, and (H) biographical;
    • The ideographic (ideography): glyphs represent directly an idea or an ideational situation.
    • Transitional system: glyphs refer not only to the object or idea which it represents but to its name as well.
    • Phonetic system: glyphs refer to sounds or spoken symbols irrespective of their meanings. This resolves itself into the following substages:
    • The verbal: glyph (logogram) represents a whole word;
    • The syllabic: glyph represent a syllable;
    • The alphabetic: glyph represent an elementary sound.

Prehistoric technology of the Americas

The New World, or American, periods began with the crossing of the Paleo-Indians, Athabaskan, Aleuts, Inuit, and Yupik peoples along the Bering Land Bridge onto the North American continent.[36] In their book, Method and Theory in American Archaeology, Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips defined five cultural stages for the Americas, including the three prehistoric Lithic, Archaic and Formative stages. The historic stages are the Classic and Post-Classic stages.[37][38]

Lithic technology

Archaic period technology

  • Archaic – was dated from 8,000 to 2,000 years before present.[38] People were hunters of small game, such as deer, antelope and rabbits, and gatherers of wild plants, moving seasonally to hunting and gathering sites. Late in the Archaic period, about 200-500 CE, corn was introduced into the diet and pottery-making became an occupation for storing and caring food.[43]

Formative stage technology

Prehistoric technologies by type

Primitive skills

Prehistoric art

Domestication of animals

Language / numbers

Prehistoric fishing

Prehistoric hunting

Prehistoric mining

Prehistoric medicine

Prehistoric tools

Prehistoric clothing

Stone Age tools

Prehistoric weapons

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ Leakey, Richard (1981). The Making of Mankind. Dutton Adult. pp. 65-66. ISBN 0-525-15055-2.
  2. ^ Wilford, John Noble. (August 9, 2007). Fossils in Kenya Challenge Linear Evolution New York Times. Retrieved December 16, 2011.
  3. ^ Dalling, Robert. (2006). The Story of Us Humans, From Atoms to Today's Civilization. Lincoln: iUniverse. ISBN 0-595-391176.
  4. ^ Beck, Roger B.; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S.; Naylor, Phillip C.; Shabaka, Dahia Ibo. (1999). World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. ISBN 0-395-87274-X.
  5. ^ Boehm, Christopher. (1999). Hierarchy in the forest: the evolution of egalitarian behavior. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 198. ISBN 0-674-39031-8.
  6. ^ New discovery suggests Homo erectus originated from Asia Daily News & Analysis. June 8, 2011. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
  7. ^ Moore, Matthew. (July 8, 2010). "Norfolk earliest known settlement in northern Europe." London: The Daily Telegraph Retrieved July 8, 2010.
  8. ^ Ghosh, Pallab. (July 7, 2010). "Humans' early arrival in Britain." BBC Retrieved July 8, 2010.
  9. ^ Rightmire, G. P. (1998). "Human Evolution in the Middle Pleistocene: The Role of Homo heidelbergensis." Evolutionary Anthropology. 6(6):218–227. doi 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:6<218::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-6.
  10. ^ Fire out of Africa: a key to the migration of prehistoric man. The Hebrew Museum of Jerusalem. October 27, 2008. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  11. ^ The Mystery of the Pit of Bones, Atapuerca, Spain: Species Homo heidelbergensis. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  12. ^ Skinner, A.; Blackwell, B.; Long, R.; Seronie-Vivien, M.R.; Tillier, A.-M.; Blickstein, J. (March 28, 2007). "New ESR dates for a new bone-bearing layer at Pradayrol, Lot, France". Paleoanthropology Society.
  13. ^ Scarre, Chris. (2009). The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies. (2nd edition). Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28781-3.
  14. ^ "Evolving in their graves: early burials hold clues to human origins - research of burial rituals of Neanderthals." Findarticles.com December 15, 2001. Retrieved March 25, 2011.
  15. ^ a b Sternberg, Robert J.; Kaufman, Scott Barry. (editors). (2011). The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge University Press. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-521-51806-2.
  16. ^ Lieberman, Philip. (1991). Uniquely Human. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 162. ISBN 0-674-92183-6.
  17. ^ Lieberman, Philip Uniquely Human. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 163. ISBN 0-674-92183-6.
  18. ^ Gabora, Liane; Russon, Anne. "The Evolution of Intelligence." chapter in Sternberg, Robert J.; Kaufman, Scott Barry. (editors). (2011). The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge University Press. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-521-51806-2.
  19. ^ Mellars, Paul (2006). "Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago? A new model." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103(25):9381-9386. doi:10.1073/pnas.0510792103 PMID 16772383. PMC 1480416. Bibcode 2006PNAS..103.9381M.
  20. ^ Mellars, Paul. (September/October 2006). "Archeology and the Dispersal of Modern Humans in Europe: Deconstructing the Aurignacian." Evolutionary Anthropology. 15(2006):167–182.
  21. ^ Travis, John. "The Naked Truth? Lice hint at a recent origin of clothing." Retrieved April 15, 2007.
  22. ^ Balter M. (2009). Clothes Make the (Hu) Man. Science. 325(5946):1329. doi:10.1126/science.325_1329a PMID 19745126
  23. ^ Kvavadze E, Bar-Yosef O, Belfer-Cohen A, Boaretto E,Jakeli N, Matskevich Z, Meshveliani T. (2009). "Supporting Online Material 30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers." Science. 325(5946):1359. doi:10.1126/science.1175404 PMID 19745144.
  24. ^ Travis, John. (August 23, 2003)."The naked truth? Lice hint at a recent origin of clothing." Science News. 164(8):118.
  25. ^ Ian Shaw, Robert Jameson. (2002). A Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. pp. 394, 396. ISBN 0-631-17423-0.
  26. ^ Dawn of Ancient Warfare. Ancient Military History. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
  27. ^ Comstock, P. (1992). Ancient European Bows, The Traditional Bowyers Bible Volume 2. The Lyons Press. pp. 87-88. ISBN 1-58574-086-1.
  28. ^ a b Gupta, Anil.(October 2010). "Origin of agriculture and domestication of plants and animals linked to early Holocene climate amelioration". Current Science. 87(1).
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  30. ^ Ian Shaw, Robert Jameson. (2002). A Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. pp. 72, 390, 422-423, 466. ISBN 0-631-17423-0.
  31. ^ "CSA – Discovery Guides, A Brief History of Copper." CSA.com. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
  32. ^ Hesse, Rayner, W. (2007). Jewelrymaking through History: an Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 56. ISBN 0-313-33507-9.
  33. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. (1997). How Writing Came About. University of Texas Press. p. 102. ISBN 0-292-77704-3.
  34. ^ Haarmann, Harald: "Geschichte der Schrift", C.H. Beck, 2002, ISBN 3-406-47998-7, p. 20
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  36. ^ Cassells, E. Steve. (1997). The Archaeology of Colorado, Revised Edition. Boulder, Colorado: Johnson Books. p. 13. ISBN 1-55566-193-9.
  37. ^ Willey, Gordon R. (1989). Glyn Edmund Daniel and Christopher Chippindale (eds.). The Pastmasters: Eleven Modern Pioneers of Archaeology. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05051-1. OCLC 19750309.
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  40. ^ Viegas, Jennifer. "First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover." Discovery News.
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Further reading

  • Fagan, Brian; Shermer, Michael; Wrangham, Richard. (2010). Science & Humanity: From Past to the Future. Los Angeles Times Festival of Books.
  • Karlin, C.; Julien, M. Prehistoric technology: a cognitive science? University of Washington.
  • Klein, Richard. (2009). The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins, Third Edition.
  • Palmer, Douglas. (1999). Atlas of the Prehistoric World. Discovery Channel Books.
  • Schick, Kathy Diane. (1994). Making Silent Stones Speak: Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology.
  • Tudge, Colin. (1997). The Time Before History: 5 Million Years of Human Impact. Touchstone.
  • Wescott, David. (2001). Primitive Technology:A Book of Earth Skills.
  • Wescott, David. (2001). Primitive Technology II: Ancestral Skill - From the Society of Primitive Technology.
  • Wrangham, Richard. (2010). Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human. Basic Books; First Trade Paper Edition.
  • Zimmer, Carl. (2007). Smithsonian Intimate Guide to Human Origins. Harper Perennial.

External links

  • Ancient human occupation of Britain
  • Department of Prehistory of Europe, British Museum
  • Index of Ancient Sites and Monuments, Ancient Wisdom
  • Online Exhibits, University of California Museum of Paleontology
  • Prehistoric Science and Technology, Ancient Wisdom
  • Prehistoric Technology, Ancient Arts
  • Prehistoric Technology, Access Science
  • Prehistoric Technology, Royal Alberta Museum, Canada
  • Prehistory for Kids
  • Show me: Prehistory, Interactive, educational site
  • Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
  • Timeline: 2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE, Jeremy Norman
  • Quinson's Museum of Prehistory, France
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